2. NUTRITION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE 18 MARCH 2015

3. Infants (0-1 year) Factors affecting type and method of feeding rapid growth rate greater than at any other time of life so need lots of nutrients to meet demands of growth muscle control lack of muscle control means spoon feeding required kidney function too much protein and mineral intake from (cow’s) milk-taxes kidney

4. Infants (0-1 year) Factors affecting type and method of feeding continued digestive organs -small stomach and rapid peristalsis give rise to small, frequent feedings digestive function -decreased quantity and quality of pancreatic amylase, lipase and bile limits digestion and absorption –diet must reflect this fact -these limitations are overcome by 4-6 months of age

5. Infants (0-1 year) Factors affecting type and method of feeding continued immune system susceptibility to food allergies decreases between 4 and 6 months as immune system matures-therefore between 4 and 6 months less chance of any given food allergy developing eruption of teeth as ability to chew increases so do the food options

6. Infants (0-1 year) Infant formula vs breast feeding molecules in breastmilk Antibodies of secretory IgA class bind to microbes in baby’s digestive tract and thereby prevent them from passing through walls of the gut into body’s tissues.

7. Infants (0-1 year) Infant formula vs breast feeding Molecules in breastmilk Bifidus factor -promotes growth of Lactobacillus bifidus, a harmless bacterium, in baby’s gut. -growth of such nonpathogenic bacteria helps to crowd out dangerous bacteria -consequently infant is healthier

8. Infants (0-1 year) Infant formula vs breast feeding Molecules in Breastmilk continued Hormones and growth factors stimulate baby’s digestive tract to mature more quickly. Once the initially “leaky” membranes lining the gut mature, infants become less vulnerable to microorganisms.

9. Infants (0-1 year) Infant formula vs breast feeding molecules in breastmilk continued Oligosaccharides in mothers milk-bind to microorganisms and bar them from attaching to mucosal surfaces. Omega 3s in formula and mother’s milk-promote cognitive ability and visual acuity

10. Children(1-11 years) Factors affecting food intake erratic growth-larger food consumption associated with growth spurts greater mobility and coordination-self feeding (autonomy) autonomy increases- child begins to eat what s/he wants

11. Children(1-11 years) Factors affecting food intake continued muscle mass and bone density increase -increased need for calcium, phosphorous and protein eating habits/attitudes -parents/advertisers instill eating habits and attitudes in child

12. Children(1-11 years) -decreasing protein, vitamins A,C D, iron, zinc and calcium/kg body weight compared to infants -but need more total of each of these nutrients compared to infants

13. Adolescents(12-18 years) Factors affecting nutritional requirements rapid period of growth, emotional, social and sexual maturation and therefore increased need for total calories, protein, calcium, iron and zinc relative to younger ages menstruation increases need for iron

14. Adolescents(12-18 years) continued Fat deposition in preparation for child bearing - fat requires less energy for maintenance than muscle- females have lower caloric requirement Lean body tissue and bones in males -males require greater number of calories and need same amount of iron compared to females due to muscle and blood volume increases in males

15. ADULTS (19-50) focus on maintenance and disease prevention SENIORS(51-?) focus on maintenance and disease prevention

16. Adults changing nutritional requirements