The High Middle Ages (ca )

The High Middle Ages How can we view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation? How can we view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?

Economy and Society The Social Orders The Social Orders Oratores Oratores Bellatores Bellatores Laboratores (SERFS) Laboratores (SERFS)

Economy and Society Personal Dependency Personal Dependency Lords and Vassals Lords and Vassals VASSALS served lords VASSALS served lords Lords provided land Lords provided land Lords and peasants Lords and peasants Peasants worked, paid dues Peasants worked, paid dues Status was hereditary Status was hereditary Lords provided necessities Lords provided necessities Reeve, and serfs at work

Economy and Society Agricultural Innovations Agricultural Innovations Three-field system Iron plowshare Horses Results Better standard of living Population doubled

Economy and Society

The Guilds The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans Formed by urban merchants and artisans Nature of guilds Nature of guilds *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations Also social, spiritual Also social, spiritual Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices

Economy and Society Engaging in the Economy Engaging in the Economy CREDIT CREDIT Loans Loans USURY USURY

Economy and Society

Medieval Trade Routes

Economy and Society Trade in the Far East Trade in the Far East Mongol Empire encouraged trade Marco Polo ( ) Venetian merchant Present at court of Kublai Khan The Description of the World (ca. 1298) Court of Kubilai Khan

Economy and Society Questions? Questions?

The Emerging Western States England (9th-10th cents.) England (9th-10th cents.) Small kingdoms Small kingdoms Viking occupation Viking occupation KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r ) KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r ) Raised army (878), defeated Vikings Raised army (878), defeated Vikings First king of all English First king of all English King Alfred the Great

The Emerging Western States Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great Winchester, United Kingdom

The Emerging Western States The Bayeux Tapestry (ca ) The Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest Edward the Confessor (r ) died Edward the Confessor (r ) died Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy William invaded England, defeated Harold at BATTLE OF HASTINGS (1066) William invaded England, defeated Harold at BATTLE OF HASTINGS (1066)

The Emerging Western States William the Conqueror (r ) William the Conqueror (r ) First Norman king of England First Norman king of England Distributed lands among family, Norman barons Distributed lands among family, Norman barons “Domesday Book” (1086): census, inventory “Domesday Book” (1086): census, inventory

The Emerging Western States

Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) Origins: King John’s conflict with France Origins: King John’s conflict with France The document The document Defined rights, obligations of nobility Defined rights, obligations of nobility King John forced to sign King John forced to sign Major point: king is not above law! Major point: king is not above law!

The Emerging Western States

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Many principalities, under an emperor Many principalities, under an emperor Princes governed independent states Princes governed independent states Emperors Emperors Claimed highest authority Claimed highest authority Had to respect princes’ rights Had to respect princes’ rights A decentralized monarchy A decentralized monarchy

The Emerging Western States Christian Spain Christian Spain Muslim power weakened Muslim power weakened Christian princes seized opportunity Christian princes seized opportunity RECONQUISTA RECONQUISTA Christian reconquest of Islamic Spain Christian reconquest of Islamic Spain Result: Christian Iberian states emerging Result: Christian Iberian states emerging

The Emerging Western States Questions? Questions?

The Church and Christianity

Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”) The “Papal Monarchy” The “Papal Monarchy” Supreme authority of Latin Church Supreme authority of Latin Church Claimed authority over secular rulers, Greek Church Claimed authority over secular rulers, Greek Church Papal States Papal States The Curia The Curia Papal Court, Rome Papal Court, Rome COLLEGE OF CARDINALS COLLEGE OF CARDINALS

The Church and Christianity The Great Schism (1054) The Great Schism (1054) Eastern and Western Churches at odds Eastern and Western Churches at odds Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) Greek and Latin Churches ex- communicated each other Greek and Latin Churches ex- communicated each other

The Church and Christianity The Investiture Conflict ( ) The Investiture Conflict ( ) Pope Gregory VII prohibited lay investiture Pope Gregory VII prohibited lay investiture Emperor Henry IV appointed new archbishop Emperor Henry IV appointed new archbishop Gregory’s response Gregory’s response Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office! Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office! Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Released HRE from allegiance to emperor! Henry submitted Henry submitted

The Church and Christianity Pope Innocent III (r ) Pope Innocent III (r ) Lawyer-pope Lawyer-pope Most powerful pope ever Most powerful pope ever Clash with King John Clash with King John Over new archbishop of Canterbury Over new archbishop of Canterbury Innocent excommunicated John Innocent excommunicated John John submitted to pope John submitted to pope Innocent III

The Church and Christianity

The Crusades The Crusades Origins: Turkish threat to Byzantine Empire Origins: Turkish threat to Byzantine Empire Council of Clermont (1095) called for recapture of Holy Land Council of Clermont (1095) called for recapture of Holy Land First Crusade ( ) First Crusade ( ) Force of 50-60,000  Holy Land Force of 50-60,000  Holy Land “Pilgrimage”  salvation as reward! “Pilgrimage”  salvation as reward! Victory  Crusader States established Victory  Crusader States established Siege of Antioch

The Church and Christianity Other Crusades Other Crusades Because Christians lost ground in Holy Land Because Christians lost ground in Holy Land Third Crusade ( ) Third Crusade ( ) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Another crusade  failure Another crusade  failure Crusades over by 1300 Crusades over by 1300 Saladin

The Church and Christianity The Franciscans The Franciscans Founder: Francis of Assisi (ca ) Founder: Francis of Assisi (ca ) Son of cloth merchant Son of cloth merchant Conversion experience  poverty Conversion experience  poverty Franciscans (1215) Franciscans (1215) Friars Friars Poverty Poverty Preached penance, served lepers and poor Preached penance, served lepers and poor Francis of Assisi

The Church and Christianity Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi

The Church and Christianity The Dominicans The Dominicans Founder: Dominic Guzman ( ) Founder: Dominic Guzman ( ) Spanish missionary Spanish missionary Disillusioned by Church’s preaching methods Disillusioned by Church’s preaching methods Preach as seen in Gospels! Preach as seen in Gospels! Dominicans (1216) Dominicans (1216) Friars Friars Preaching on foot Preaching on foot Intellectual order Intellectual order

The Church and Christianity Medieval Heresy Medieval Heresy Many heretical groups Many heretical groups The Church’s response The Church’s response Preaching Preaching Medieval Inquisition (1231) Medieval Inquisition (1231) Guide heretics to recantation, penance Guide heretics to recantation, penance Variety of penalties Variety of penalties

The Church and Christianity

The Sacraments Seven Essential to salvation! Performed by clergy alone The Eucharist Sacrament of the Mass TRANSUBSTANTIATION Corpus Christi Procession

The Church and Christianity Questions? Questions?

Culture The University The University Organization of master and students Specialization Students given clerical status, grouped into “nations”

Culture Classroom Setting Classroom Setting Lectures considered best method of teaching Lectures considered best method of teaching Books very expensive! Books very expensive! Master’s role Master’s role Read excerpt of text Read excerpt of text Commentary Commentary Refute objections Refute objections Students’ role: commit it all to memory! Students’ role: commit it all to memory!

Culture and Society Scholasticism Scholasticism Used Aristotelian logic to explain knowledge Used Aristotelian logic to explain knowledge Faith, reason are harmonious! Faith, reason are harmonious! THOMAS AQUINAS ( ) THOMAS AQUINAS ( ) Dominican Dominican Summa Theologica Summa Theologica

Culture and Society Dante Alighieri Vernacular Literature Vernacular Literature Latin: language of Church, academia VERNACULAR Vernacular literature Chanson de Roland (12 th cent.) The Divine Comedy ( ) Beowulf (ca. 1000)

Culture and Society Opening section of Beowulf “HWÆT, WE GAR-DEna in geardagum, þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon! oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas, syððanærest wearðfeasceaft funden; he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorð myndum þah, oð þæt him æghwylc ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan; þæt wæs god cyning!” “HWÆT, WE GAR-DEna in geardagum, þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon! oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas, syððanærest wearðfeasceaft funden; he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorð myndum þah, oð þæt him æghwylc ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan; þæt wæs god cyning!”

Culture and Society “Leaning Tower,” Pisa ( ) Romanesque Architecture Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches Massive stone churches Sculpture on exterior Sculpture on exterior Round arches Round arches

Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse ( ), France Exterior

Culture and Society St. Sernin de Toulouse, Interior

Culture and Society Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture Pointed arches Stained-glass windows Flying buttresses Chartres Cathedral ( ), France

Culture and Society Chartres Cathedral Interior Stained-Glass Window, Chartres Cathedral

Culture and Society Women during the High Middle Ages Women during the High Middle Ages Still a man’s world! Still a man’s world! Rulers were mostly male Rulers were mostly male Women excluded from universities Women excluded from universities Guilds run by men Guilds run by men Significant roles for women? Significant roles for women? Noblewomen Noblewomen Convents Convents

Culture and Society Female Rulers Female Rulers Women were lords, vassals Women were lords, vassals ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE ( ) ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE ( ) French landowner French landowner Wife, mother of kings Wife, mother of kings Patroness of troubadours Patroness of troubadours Eleanor of Aquitaine

Culture and Society Eleanor of Aquitaine in Robin Hood (2010)

Culture and Society Women and the Church Women and the Church Only role: convent Clare of Assisi ( ) Loyal disciple of Francis Formed Order of Sisters of St. Francis (1212) Sisters worked alongside friars, but later cloistered Clare of Assisi

Culture and Society Questions? Questions?

The High Middle Ages How can we view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation? How can we view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?