1. High Medieval Europe (ca. 900-1300)

2. High Medieval Europe
How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?

3. Economy and Society The Social Orders Oratores Bellatores
Laboratores (SERFS)

4. Economy and Society Personal Dependency Lords and VASSALS
Lords and serfs
Serfs’ status: hereditary
Reeve, and serfs at work

5. Economy and Society Agricultural Innovations Three-field system
Iron plowshare
Horses
Results
Better standard of living
Population doubled

6. Economy and Society

7. Economy and Society The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans
Nature of guilds
*Economic: standards for products, additional regulations
Also social, spiritual
Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices

8. Economy and Society
Engaging in the Economy
CREDIT
Loans
USURY

9. Economy and Society Expansion of Trade Fairs More seaborne trade
Contact with Mongol Empire  more trade!
Medieval Fair
Court of Kubilai Khan

10. Economy and Society
Questions?

11. The Emerging Western States
England (9th-10th cents.)
Small kingdoms
Viking occupation
KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r )
Raised army (878), defeated Vikings
First king of all English
King Alfred the Great

12. The Emerging Western States
Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great
Winchester, United Kingdom

13. The Emerging Western States
The Norman Conquest
Edward the Confessor (r ) died
Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy
William defeated Harold at Hastings (1066)
William  “the Conqueror” (r )
The Bayeux Tapestry (ca )

14. The Emerging Western States

15. The Emerging Western States
Magna Carta (1215)
Origins: King John’s conflict with France
The document
Defined rights, obligations of nobility
King John forced to sign
Major point: king is not above law!

16. The Emerging Western States
Magna Carta on display at Boston Museum of Fine Arts (2014)

17. The Emerging Western States

18. The Emerging Western States
Holy Roman Empire
Many principalities
Princes governed independent states
Figurehead emperors
Decentralized monarchy

19. The Emerging Western States
Questions?

20. The Church and Christianity
The “Papal Monarchy”
Supreme authority of Latin Church
Claimed authority over secular rulers, Greek Church
Papal States
The Curia
Papal Court, Rome
COLLEGE OF CARDINALS
Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”)

21. The Church and Christianity
Pope Innocent III (r )
Lawyer-pope
Most powerful pope ever
Clash with King John
Over new archbishop of Canterbury
Innocent excommunicated John
John submitted to pope
Innocent III

22. The Church and Christianity

23. The Church and Christianity
The Great Schism (1054)
Greek and Latin Churches at odds
Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054)
The Churches excommunicated each other

24. The Church and Christianity
The Crusades
Origins: Turkish threat to Byzantine Empire
Called for at Council of Clermont (1095)
First Crusade ( )
Force of 60,000
“Pilgrimage”  salvation as reward!
Victory  Crusader States
Siege of Antioch

25. The Church and Christianity
Other Crusades
Christians lost ground in Holy Land  new crusades launched
Third Crusade ( )
Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187)
Another crusade  failure
Crusades over by 1300
Saladin

26. The Church and Christianity
Other Crusades
Christians lost ground in Holy Land
Third Crusade ( )
Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187)
Another crusade  failure
Over by 1300
Saladin

27. The Church and Christianity
The Mendicant Orders
AKA friars
The Dominicans
Founder: Dominic Guzman
Purpose: preaching “apostolic style”
The Franciscans
Founder: Francis of Assisi
Purpose: live in apostolic poverty
Francis of Assisi

28. The Church and Christianity
Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi

29. The Church and Christianity
The Sacraments
Seven
Essential to salvation!
Performed by clergy alone
TRANSUBSTANTIAT-ION
Corpus Christi Procession

30. The Church and Christianity
Questions?

31. Culture The University Organization of master and students
Specialization
Students given clerical status, grouped into “nations”

32. Culture

33. Culture Classroom Setting Lectures Books very expensive!
Master dominated
Students’ role: commit it all to memory!

34. Culture Vernacular Literature Latin: language of Church, academia
Emerging literature
Chanson de Roland (12th cent.)
La divina commedia ( )
Beowulf (ca. 1000)
Dante Alighieri

35. Culture Opening section of Beowulf
“HWÆT, WE GAR-DEna in geardagum, þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon! oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas, syððanærest wearðfeasceaft funden; he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum weorð myndum þah, oð þæt him æghwylc ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan; þæt wæs god cyning!”

36. Culture Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches
Sculpture on exterior
Round arches
“Leaning Tower,” Pisa ( )

37. St. Sernin de Toulouse (1070-1120), France
Culture
St. Sernin de Toulouse ( ), France
Exterior

38. Culture
St. Sernin de Toulouse,
Interior

39. Culture Gothic Architecture Pointed arches Stained-glass windows
Flying buttresses
Chartres Cathedral ( ), France

40. Culture Chartres Cathedral Stained-Glass Window, Interior

41. Culture
Questions?

42. High Medieval Europe
How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?