Ch. 22 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Scientific Revolution Advanced World History

Setting the Stage Renaissance –inspired curiosity in other fields. Reformation –challenged religious beliefs Scientific Revolution – will change how people view the physical world

Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution – new way of looking at the world based on observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs Why the S.R.? –During the Renaissance, explorers had traveled the world opening their eyes to new lands and new beliefs –Printing Press spread ideas –Scientific Research had increased

Geocentric Theory Geocentric Theory – Earth is an immovable object placed in the center of the universe. The sun, moon, and planets revolved around the sun. –Believed by most scholars though the Middle Ages –Came from Aristotle (4 th C b.c.) and was expanded by Ptolemy (2 nd C a.d.) –Christianity taught that God placed Earth at the center of the universe

Heliocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory – the earth, stars, and planets revolved around the sun. –Published by Nicolaus Copernicus, but not until 1543 (approx. 40 years after he believed this theory) because he knew he would be ridiculed and possibly persecuted. –Johannes Kepler later (1601) expanded this theory by backing it up mathematically. He stated that the planets revolved in elliptical orbits rather than circles.

Galileo Studied space using his own telescope. He published his observations (ex: Jupiter had 4 moons, the moon has rough spots) which also supported Copernicus Both Catholic and Protestant leaders believed his observations went against church teachings. If the Church was wrong about these things, would people think they could be wrong about other things? They feared Galileo. They warned him to be quiet. He published a new book. The Pope summoned him to stand trial before the Inquisition. While on trial, he was threatened with torture. He admitted that he did not believe in the ideas of Copernicus. He lived under house arrest until he died. *In 1992, the Catholic Church officially acknowledged that Galileo was right.

Scientific Method S.M. – a logical procedure for gathering and testing data. 1. Ask a question. 2.Construct a hypothesis. 3.Test the hypothesis. 4.Analyze/Interpret data and draw a conclusion.

Bacon and Descartes Both Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped develop the S.M. –Bacon Empiricism (empirical method) – rather then drawing conclusions from abstract ideas, a scientist needs to conduct experiments and then draw conclusions –Rene Descartes Rather than experimenting to draw conclusions, a scientist should rely on math and logic. He believed everything should be doubted until proved by logic. “I think, therefore I am.” Developed analytical geometry Modern Science is based on the ideas of both men.

Isaac Newton Universal Gravitation – Every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. This affects both the planets in the and all matter on earth. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the universe is like a giant clock, and all its working parts can be described mathematically. God is the clockmaker. * He wasn’t really hit on the head by an apple. He saw an apple fall, and it got him thinking.

Scientific Instruments and Medicine The microscope, mercury barometer, and glass mercury thermometer were all invented in the 15 th and 16 th C. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scale were created during this time. Smallpox vaccine Red blood cells were seen for the first time. Robert Boyle (the father of chemistry) proposed that all matter is made up of smaller particles that join together in different ways.