1. BA 2/25
What are some ways that people today question accepted beliefs?
What were scientific contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton?

2. Scientific Revolution
SSWH13 The student will examine the
intellectual, political, social, and
economic factors that changed the
world view of Europeans.
Explain the scientific contributions of
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and
Newton and how these ideas
changed the European world view.
Scientific Revolution

3. Scientific Revolution
Before 1500’s, scholars determine facts by reading ancient Greek and Roman works and the Bible
Scientific revolution: new way to think about natural world using observation and questioning of accepted beliefs
= great change in Europe. Renaissance inspired curiosity, questioning of ideas, challenge ways people thought about God and salvation
Few Europeans challenged scientific ideas of ancient thinkers or the church by carefully observing nature for themselves
Change in European thought

4. 3 Reasons for Scientific Revolution
Discovery of new lands, people, and animals during Age of Exploration
Opened Europeans to the possibility that there were new truths to be found
2. Invention of printing press
helped spread challenging ideas
3. Discoveries in astronomy and math due to sea navigation
Ex: astrolabe
Made observations that did not match ancient beliefs
Age of European exploration also fueled a great deal of scientific research
Navigators need better instruments and geographic measurements
Scientists began looking more closely at the world around them= found they had reached the limit of the classical world’s knowledge= still needed to know more

5. Nicolaus Copernicus

6. Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer
Studied the stars for over 25 years
Invents the heliocentric theory
Heliocentric theory: belief that the sun is the center of the universe
Stars and planets revolve around the sun
Hid his findings until the last year of his life (1542)
Afraid of being called a heretic (video)
Before Copernicus, people followed geocentric theory, believing the planets and sun all revolve around the earth. Believe this was the way God created the planet and the Church reaffirmed it for years
Middle Ages= most people thought the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe
Geocentric theory idea came from Aristotle
Christianity taught that God had placed the earth at the center of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus= early 1500s
Knew most scholars and clergy would reject his view because it contradicted their religious beliefs

7. Johannes Kepler

8. Johannes Kepler German mathematician
Discovers that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
Further proves Copernicus’ theory nearly 60 years after it was published
(video)
Greeks and up until this time, Europeans believed planets were suspended in space in glass balls holding in gasses
Concluded certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion
Elliptical orbits= not circles as was previously thought
Showed Copernicus’s basic ideas were true= demonstrated mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun

9. Galileo Galilei

10. Galileo Italian scientist Creates a telescope to study the planets
3 Discoveries:
1. Jupiter had 4 moons
2. Sun had dark spots
3. Moon had a rough, uneven surface
Built on new theories about astronomy
Built own telescope in 1609
1610= published small book called Starry Messenger= described his observations
Moon surface= shattered Aristotle’s theory that the moon and stars were mad of a pure, perfect substance

11. Galileo continued Findings went against the Church
Church afraid people would question more church teachings
Sent to Inquisition in 1633
Signed a confession that his findings were false under fear of torture
(video)
Findings frightened Catholic and Protestant leaders= went against church teaching and authority
Church wrong about this= church may be wrong about other church teachings
1616= Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend Copernicus’ ideas
1632- Published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems= presented ideas of Copernicus and Ptolemy and showed Galileo supported the Copernican theory
Pope summoned Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition
1633= never again a free man= lived under house arrest and died in 1642= books and ideas spread all over Europe

12. Isaac Newton

13. Isaac Newton English scientist and mathematician
Discovered gravity and the laws of motion
3 Laws of motion:
1. Mass
2. Acceleration
3. Momentum (video)
Mid-1600s= Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo had shattered old views of astronomy and physics
Isaac Newton helped bring together their breakthroughs under a single theory of motion
Same force ruled motion of planet and all matter on earth and in space= law of universal gravitation (every object in the universe attracts every other object)

14. Newton Australian Project

15. Schoolhouse Rock

16. Impact of Scientific Theory
Creates Scientific Method
Scientific Method: logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
5 Steps of Scientific Method:
1. Problem or question
2. Hypothesis
3. Test hypothesis
4. Data analysis
5. Conclusion
Revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began eventually developed into a new approach to science called the scientific method
Begins with a problem or question arising from observation
Form hypothesis or unproved assumption
Test hypothesis in an experiment or on the basis of data
Analyze and interpret data to reach a new conclusion
Conclusion either confirms or disproves hypothesis

17. Impact of Scientific Theory continued
Scientific method spreads to:
Scientific instruments: microscope, thermometer, barometer, and Celsius scale
Medicine: vaccine for smallpox
Creation of chemistry and elements
Ideas challenged ideas, government, and the Church (video)
Microscope Dutch eyeglass maker= Zacharias Janssen
1643- barometer- tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather
1714= Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass= showed water freezing at 32 degrees
1742= Anders Celsisu created another scale for the mercury thermometer= showed water freezing at 0 degrees
Late 1700s= British physician Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox
Philosophers and scholars across Europe began to rethink long held beliefs about the human condition- most notably rights and liberties of ordinary citizens
Helped usher in a movement that challenged age-old relationship between a government and its people= eventually changed the political landscape in numerous societies

18. Graphic Organizer
Fold sheet of paper into fourths (one section each for Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton)
List major contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton
Draw an illustration for each (should have 4 illustrations total)

19. Classwork
Read pgs
Answer questions 1, 3, 4, and 5 on pgs 628 and 634
Begin Group Project
Akbar Suleyman Babur
Shah Abbas Sir Isaac Newton Kepler
Copernicus John Locke Voltaire
Rousseau