Latin America and the Middle East begin to be affected by Cold War tensions.

Post WWII, the world’s nations are grouped politically into 3 “Worlds” First World: Industrialized, capitalist nations Second World: Communist nations Third World: Developing nations Latin America, Asia, and Africa Economically poor and politically unstable Another arena for competition between superpowers Association of Nonaligned Nations: those that did not wish to play a role in the Cold War Ex: India and Indonesia

 Rapid industrialization  Population growth  Gap between rich and poor Latin American nations seeking assistance from BOTH superpowers

Revolution: Unpopular and U.S. supported dictator Fulgencio Batista overthrown Led By: Fidel Castro

At First: Castro brought social reforms and improved the economy Then:  Suspended elections  Jailed and executed opponents  Tightly controlled press  Nationalized the Cuban economy

 Action: Castro took over U.S.-owned sugar mills and refineries  U.S. Response: Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba  Cuba Response: Castro turned to Soviets for economic and military aid

Background: U.S. CIA began to train anti- Castro Cuban exiles to invade and overthrow Event: April Bay of Pigs Invasion

Problem: U.S. did not provide air support Result: Castro easily defeated the invaders and the U.S. is humiliated

Background: Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev convinced U.S. would not resist soviet expansion in Latin America Action: Soviets secretly begin to build 42 missile sites in Cuba Discovery: An American spy plane discovers sites

Kennedy: Demands removal and orders blockade of Cuba Castro:

Resolution:  Soviets agree to remove missiles  U.S. agrees to remove missiles from site in Turkey and not to invade Cuba  Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis

Castro is now DEEPLY dependent on Soviet Support Backs Soviet revolutions in Latin America and Africa Soviet aid abruptly ends in 1991 (break up of the Soviet Union)- crippling Cuba’s economy

Background: U.S. funded the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza since 1933 Resistance: Communist Sandinista rebels topple Somoza’s son Who supports the Sandinistas?  BOTH U.S. and Soviets

Sandinastas support: Marxist rebels U.S. supports: Contras (Nicaraguan anti- communist forces) Civil War: lasts more than a decade Outcome: Eventually free elections in the 1990s

Background: Clash between traditional Islamic values and modern western materialism Post WWII Leadership: Shah embraced western governments and wealthy western oil companies Iranian nationalists: fueled by resentment, united under Prime Minister Muhammad Mossadeq

Action: Mossadeq nationalized a British- owned oil company and forced the Shah to flee U.S. Fear: Iran may turn to Soviets for support U.S. Action: Help restore Shah to power

 Tehran is westernized and wealthy  Millions live in extreme poverty  Shah tries to weaken the authority of the ayatollahs Religious leaders who oppose western influences Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader, living in exile

Event: Revolts in every major city (1979) Outcome:  Shah fled  Khomeini returned to establish an Islamic state

 Domestic policy: ruled by strict adherence to Islam  Foreign policy: fueled by hate for U.S. Why? Because U.S. supported the Shah

The event: Young Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran Demands: U.S. to force Shah to face trial Outcome: Hostages released in 1981 (held for 444 days) Iran Hostage Crisis

 The Event: Iran-Iraq War  Soviet’s support: Iraq  U.S. supports: BOTH sides- not wanting the balance of power in the region to change  Cease fire: Negotiated by U.N. in 1988

Background: Soviets began exerting influence on independent Afghanistan in the 1950s Opposition: Muslim revolts begin in the 70s against the now communist regime

Afghan Rebels: Mujahedeen Supported by: U.S. Why: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan seen as a threat to Middle Eastern oil supplies Soviets: Stuck much like U.S. was in Vietnam

Who: Mikhail Gorbachev What he does about Afghanistan: Withdraws troops Situation in Soviet Union: Unrest and economic problems