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The Cold War Divides the World

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1 The Cold War Divides the World
Section 17.4 The Cold War Divides the World The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts. NEXT

2 The Cold War Divides the World
Fighting for the Third World More Than One “World” • Third World—developing nations; often newly independent, nonaligned Cold War Strategies • U.S., Soviet Union, China compete for influence over Third World • Back revolutions and give economic, military, technical aid

3 Association of Nonaligned Nations
• Many countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in Cold War • In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian, African leaders who want neutrality • Nonaligned nations—independent countries not involved in Cold War Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) (Blue Map) is an international organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in 1950s; as of 2007, it has 118 members.

4 Confrontations in Latin America
Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution • Fidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against dictator supported by U.S. • By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy, takes U.S. property • In 1961, Castro defeats U.S.-trained Cuban exiles at Bay of Pigs Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis • In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba • Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to invade Cuba • Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet support

5 Confrontations in the Middle East
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran • Shah Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments, oil companies • Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil company • U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment Shah Reza Pahlavi Civil War in Nicaragua • Anastasio Somoza—Nicaraguan dictator supported by U.S. • Daniel Ortega—leads Sandinista rebels who take power in Nicaragua • U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support Sandinistas • Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador • U.S. helps anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua to assist El Salvador • In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections; Sandinistas lose The United States Supports Secular Rule • Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. support • Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini —Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exile • In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran; shah flees Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

6 Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies
• Islamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran (1979–1980) • Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq • Iran, Iraq fight 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan • Soviets invade Afghanistan, help Communist government against rebels • Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons • U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union; Soviets withdraw (1989) Fmr. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski with Osama bin Laden, circa 1979.


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