1. The Cold War Divides the World
17.4

2. Fighting for the Third World
First World = US and her allies
Second World = USSR and her allies
Third World = everyone else
Non-Aligned Nations did NOT want to ally with US or USSR
Third World countries are new fighting grounds for US and USSR
US give aid, schools, military, and spy on them
USSR offered military and technical assistance, and spied on them

3. The Third World and the Nonaligned Movement

4. Cold War in Latin America
Cuba and Fidel Castro
Nicaragua and Somoza

6. Cuba before Castro
Ruled by an unpopular dictator named Fulgencio Batista (supported by US)
Fidel Castro led the coup that threw Batista out
Many liked him at first
He did outlaw elections, executed his opponents, highly controlled the press

7. Life under Castro 1960 – Castro nationalized all US-businesses
Oil refineries, factories, and casinos
US enacted embargo
Bay of Pigs
1,400 Cuban exiles trained by the CIA landed at Bay of Pigs
Goal = overthrow Castro
Failure by JFK and helped to strengthen Castro’s hold

8. Cuban Missile Crisis Early 1962 – Americans station missiles in Turkey
Later 1962 – Khrushchev secretly sent missiles to Cuba
Aug 1962 – rumors about Soviet missiles in Cuba show up in US press
Soviet ambassadors
denied missiles
14 Oct 1962 – U-2 spy planes find the missiles

10. The Tensions Continue to Rise
Kennedy knew they could not invade Cuba but needed to deal with missiles
Blockaded Cuba
USSR said was illegal and they would test it
USSR sent ships at blockade but turned back last moment
Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy appealing to reason to prevent a war

11. The Crisis is Resolved
USSR suggests US removes missiles in Turkey if the USSR removes missiles in Cuba
Kennedy makes the deal and Khrushchev accepts
Russian ships leave Cuba with their hatches open so the US can see the missiles leaving the base

12. Nicaraguan Civil War US supported dictator Anastasio Somoza
USSR supported Communist Sandinista force lead by Daniel Ortega
Overthrows Somoza
US then supported the Contras, anti-Communist forces in Nicaragua
Civil War lasted more than a decade
Ortega ended up in control

13. Cold War in the Middle East
Iran under the Shah
Afghanistan and the Mujahedeen

14. Iran (Persia) Religious vs. Secular Values
After WWII, many countries looking for ways to define themselves
In Iran, this discussion came down to religion or Western ways
Reza Pahlavi (secular values)
Leader of Iran after WWII
Embraced W. ideals and money from US oil companies
Iran nationalists did not like the hold they thought the US had on Pahlavi
Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq
Lead a nationalists force that pushed Pahlavi out
US put Pahlavi BACK INTO POWER

15. Iran (Persia)
US ally, Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran, was hated by the lower classes
In US for cancer treatment
Religious exile, Ayatollah Khomeini (religious ideals), returned and led a fundamentalist coup

16. Tehran Embassy
Khomeini demands the US return Shah for trial (death sentence for guilt)
US refuses
US embassy in Tehran stormed by Iranians
Embassy workers held for 444 days

17. Failure for the US
Carter sends Special Forces to save captives (Operation Eagle Claw)
Helicopters crash in sand storm
Ayatollah seen as victorious, US weak
Begins to call on other Muslims to overthrow their gov’t

18. Afghanistan War

19. Communist Revolution 1975 – Muhammad Taraki (Communist leader)
Tried Marxist land and social reforms
People revolted
Went to the Soviets for assistance
Soviets forced him to name Hafizullah Amin prime minister who took over the country

20. The Mujahedeen
Muslim guerilla force created to overthrown the Amin gov’t through jihad
Holy warriors
Become nationalist troops who know the land (like the Vietcong in Vietnam)
Backed by the US

21. The Russians are Coming!
Russians invade Afghanistan
Insist they were invited
Invokes Muslim rage
27 Dec 1979 – Russians shoot Amin and replace him with Babrak Kamal
More Muslims defect to Mujahedeen
US secretly aids the Mujahedeen

22. HIND HELICOPTER Russian helicopter similar to the Huey in Vietnam
Heavily armored transport
Designed to destroy the jihadists

23. Soviets leave Afghanistan
15 Feb 1989 – Geneva Accords
Sets timetable for withdraw of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
Ended the 9 year occupation of Afghanistan
American support then stops to the Mujahedeen