Vocabulary II.8a 1.Iron Curtain: political divide separating Soviet- dominated Eastern Europe and U.S.-led Western Europe 2.Marshall Plan: Gen. George C. Marshall’s plan that provided economic aid to European nations after WWII 3.Superpower: Description of U.S. and USSR, world’s strongest postwar powers 4.United Nations: Post WWII international organization intended to resolve issues peacefully 5.Internationalism: policy of cooperation among nations, especially for the common good

Rebuilding Europe after WWII IAN II: Pages 17 – 18 SOL#: II.8a Table of Contents

How did the U.S. help rebuild Europe after World War II? Page 17

After WWII, much of Europe was in ruins: – 50 million people lost their lives – Millions were homeless – 70% of transportation and communication systems, industries, roads and buildings had been destroyed – Cost was $13,000,000,000,000+ (trillion) US: $250,000,000/day

The U.S. was a new world superpower (an extremely powerful nation with a strong economy and a strong military)

The Soviet Union was also a new world superpower after WWII.

Super Powers U.S. Vs Soviet Union

Unites States = Democracy people vote to decide capitalism people own business

Soviet Union = Dictatorship Government controls everything Communism: Government owns business

Yalta Conference : February 1945 “Big Three” Meet to plan occupation (control) of Germany Discuss how to deal with countries of eastern Europe.

Europe was divided into two main areas of influence: – Countries helped by the U.S. and the Marshall Plan – Countries who would fall under the control of the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union backed communist governments in Eastern European nations. These countries became known as the Eastern Bloc (because they blocked the Soviet Union from the democratic countries in Western Europe.) They were also called “Iron Curtain” countries, because Stalin placed an iron curtain between himself and the democratic west.

Countries under Soviet Control Eastern and Central Europe: Albania Bulgaria Poland Hungary Romania Czechoslovakia Baltic States

“Free” or Capitalist Countries Western Europe: Austria Belgium Denmark France Great Britain Greece* Iceland Italy Luxembourg The Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland Turkey*

West is Best = democracy East is Evil = Communism

Europe After WWII United States Soviet Union Page 18

Europe After WWII United States Rebuild Europe Marshall Plan Provided $ to rebuild European economies Wanted to prevent the spread of communism Soviet Union Occupied Eastern and Central Europe (Iron Curtain) Occupied East Germany Wanted to dominate & spread communism Page 18

The United Nations IAN II: Pages 23 – 24 SOL#: II.8a Table of Contents

United Nations The United Nation (UN) was founded in 1945 after WWII to replace the League of Nations Purpose = to stop future wars – Five permanent Security Council members – veto powers U.S. Soviet Union, England, France, China

League of nations formed after WWI prevent future wars President Wilson’s 14 Points U.S. did not join = league was very weak United Nations (UN)- formed after WWII prevent future war U.S. had leadership role Mistakes of the Past…....

Remembering the destruction and the political and economic instability after WWI, the U.S. set out to rebuild war-torn Europe. This time, most Allies did not ask for payment from the defeated nations

Berlin

The U. S. instituted the Marshall Plan in 1948 that provided billions of dollars in financial aid to help rebuild European economies The U.S. hoped that the Marshall Plan would also prevent the spread of communism (government that owns all land, industry, and business and controls the economy; people have few rights)

Marshall Plan

Mistakes of the Past….. Post World War I: 1919 Treaty of Versailles $6 billion reparation war debt given to Germany Post World War II US $13 billion in economic aid to European countries

Who is paying for the Marshall Plan?

Germany after WWII IAN II: Pages 19 – 20 SOL#: II.8a Table of Contents

What happened to Germany after World War II? Page 19

The Allies divided Germany into four zones of occupation. France, Great Britain, the U.S. and the Soviet Union each were given control over a part of Germany. The Allied powers eventually pulled out of their areas, but the Soviet Union did not.

Germany Germany was split into West and East

East Germany would remain under the control of the Soviet Union and communism

West Germany would be occupied by the U.S., Great Britain, and France

Germany’s capital city, Berlin, would also be divided by the Allies. West Berlin would be occupied by the U.S., Great Britain and France and would be freed from occupation after accepting a democratic form of govt. East Berlin would be controlled by the Soviet Union for the next 50 years.

Germany After WWII West GermanyEast Germany Page 20

Germany After WWII West Germany Occupied by the U.S., Great Britain, and France Democratic, self- governed country East Germany Dominated by the Soviet Union Communism, no Democratic institution Page 20

Cold War At the end of WWII, the U.S. began a struggle, referred to as the Cold War, with the Soviet Union. It developed slowly, with minor differences involving conflicts without military action in economic and foreign policies. America began a policy of “containment” the threat of Soviet communism expanding.

Japan after WWII IAN II: Pages 21 – 22 SOL#: II.8a Table of Contents

How did the U.S. help rebuild Japan after World War II? Page 21

As with Europe, the U.S. also took a leading role in rebuilding Japan At the end of WWII, Japan’s major cities, industries, agriculture, and transportation systems were heavily damaged

Japan was not divided into zones like Germany. Beginning in 1945, Japan was occupied by American forces and was governed by the U.S. What was left of the Japanese military was destroyed

A new constitution and a new democratic form of government were adopted by Japan On April 28, 1952, after 7 years of occupation, the U.S. gave Japan control over its own affairs. As part of the agreement, the U.S. has the right to have military bases on Japan. Japan became a strong ally of the U.S.

Japan Occupied by American Forces Adopted a democratic government Resumed self-government Became a strong U.S. ally Page 22

World War I vs. World War II IAN II: Pages 25 – 26 Table of Contents

WWI WWII Peace Plans Allies: US, GB, F, R/SU Peace Organizations Central: G, A-H, B, OE Axis: G, I, J 14-Points (Wilson) Marshall Plan (Truman) League of Nations United Nations Page 26

WWI WWII Page 26