Chapter 15 Population & Urbanization

Consider: – The U.S. Census Bureau reported that hunger is a daily concern for 13.8% of Americans – There will be 125 million births in the world this year. By the time this group is ready to start school, there will have been another 625 million births. – Every 20 minutes, the human population grows by about 3,000. At the same time another plant or animal becomes extinct (27,000 each year). – According to the U.N., if fertility were to stay constant at levels, the world population would soar to 244 billion by 2150 and 134 trillion by – The population of the U.S. tripled during the 20th century, but the U.S. consumption of raw materials increased 17-fold US Census Bureau Answer: – Is overpopulation quickly becoming the world’s biggest problem? Explain. What can/should be done about this? Year Population (billions)

World Population Change Demography: area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations Growth Rate: rate at which a country's population is increasing – More-developed countries have lower growth rates Population Composition: most often study age & sex Population Distribution: where people live

3 factors affect growth/decline, composition, & distribution 1.Birthrate: annual # of live births/1,000 Fertility: actual # of births occurring to women of childbearing age Fecundity: biological capability to bear children 2. Death Rate: annual # of deaths/1,000 Infant mortality rate: measures deaths of <1 years old Life expectancy: average # of years a person born in a certain year can expect to live 3. Migration: movement of people from 1 area to another Annual difference between in & out migration

Explaining Population Control Malthusian Theory: – Economist Robert Malthus ( ) – Population would continue to multiply, food production cannot multiply bc land is limited – Could only be checked by: preventative measures, famine, disease, war – Doesn’t take into account advances in food production or the use of birth control

Demographic Transition Theory: – Population patterns are tied to society’s level of technology development – Stage 1: birth & death rates are high – Stage 2: high birth rate & low death rate – Stage 3: low birth & death rates 0% or below growth rate

Warm-up Read the article “Solving the City’s Problems” On a separate piece of paper (will be turned-in) identify for each section (air pollution, traffic, population) what the problems are & potential solutions

Evolution of the City Sociology 1 st developed to understand the effects of urbanization – Growth of cities & concentration of population – Tied to the agricultural & industrial revolutions Overurbanization: more people live in a city than can be supported in terms of jobs & housing

City Structure Urban Ecology: relationships between people & urban environment – Concentric zone model: industrial city spreads outward from centering resulting in a series of circular zones – Sector model: growth occurs in wedge-shaped sectors – Multiple nuclei model: cities develop around several centers all describe ideal models, don’t account for urban sprawl – Poorly planned developments on the edge of cities

Theories of City Life Urban anomie theory: cities are anonymous & unfriendly, negative consequences for residents Compositional theory: greater diversity leads to a variety of lifestyles, identifies 5: – Cosmopolites (professional, intellectuals) – Unmarried or childless – Ethnic villagers – Deprived – Trapped (often elderly) Subcultural theory: cities encourage primary relationship formation bc of its size & diversity

Creating your own city Create a model based on one of the covered city structures, your city must include the following elements: housing (high, middle, low), industry, business, transportation, ethnic neighborhoods, shopping districts, and any others On the back explain how your city will combat urban sprawl, problems associate with overurbanization, & environmental concerns