1. Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
Case Study: Mega Cities
Section 1: Population Change
Section 2: Urban Life
Section 3: Urban Ecology
Lab: Applying What You’ve Learned

2. Case Study: Mega Cities
Enormous cities such as São Paulo, Brazil, are considered megacities, or urban areas with a population of more than 10 million. More than 280 million people live in the world’s 25 megacities. People flock to these cities for work, but large population centers face challenges in providing transportation, energy, health care, and law enforcement.

4. Section 1 at a Glance Population Change
Three factors affect the growth or decline of a region’s population: the birthrate, the death rate, and the rate of migration.
In the late 1700s, Thomas Malthus predicted that populations around the world would continue to grow rapidly. His theory also stated that a rapidly growing population would outpace food production, which would cause famine.

5. Section 1 at a Glance (cont.)
Population Change
Because the demographic transition theory considers a society’s level of technological development, most demographers favor that theory to the Malthusian theory.
Many countries around the world have adopted strategies aimed at controlling their population, such as family planning and economic improvements.

6. Population Change Main Idea Reading Focus
The world’s population is constantly changing. Demographers study these changes and apply theories to explain them.
Reading Focus
How do demographers study world population change?
What theories attempt to explain population change?
Why do some countries want to control population growth?

7. A Baby-less Society?
Why are the populations of some countries falling?

8. World Population Change
The rapid population growth of recent years has had a tremendous effect on social life.
Population: number of people living in an area at a particular time
Demography: the study of human populations –

9. World Population Change
Annual number of live births per 1,000 members of a population
U.S. rate is 14.6
Fertility: number of births occurring to women of childbearing age
Fecundity: biological capability to bear children. Women have the biological capacity to bear between 15 and 30 children, but most women reproduce far fewer than that number.
Birthrate –

10. World Population Change
Death Rate
Annual number of deaths per 1,000 members of a population
U.S. rate is 8.5
Various kinds of death can be calculated to more accurately depict a society’s death rate.
Infant mortality rate: number of death among infants under one year of age per 1,000
Industrialized countries have a much lower infant mortality rate.
Life expectancy: average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live

11. World Population Change
Migration Rate
Migration: the movement of people from one area to another
Migration rate: annual number of people who move into a specified area per 1,000 members of that area’s population
Push factors: factors that encourage people to move out of a place. Examples: persecution, famine, racial discrimination, overpopulation
Pull factors: factors that encourage people to move into a place. Examples: religious and political freedom, economic opportunities, high standard of living

12. Population Composition
Growth Rate
The rate at which a country’s population is increasing
Calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birthrate and usually expressed as percentages
U.S. rate is 0.6 percent, meaning that about 6 people were added to the population for every 1,000 members
Growth rates in more-developed countries are typically lower.
A population growth rate of only 1 percent will cause that population to double in size in about 70 years.
Population Composition
The structure of a population
Age and sex are the factors most often used to show the composition of a population.
Population pyramid: graphic representation of the age and sex distribution of a population
Demographers use population pyramids to help make predictions about future population needs such as health care.

15. What three factors affect a region’s growth or decline in population?
Reading Check
Summarize
What three factors affect a region’s growth or decline in population?
Answer: birthrate, death rate, and migration rate

16. Explaining Population Change
Malthusian Theory
Thomas Malthus proposed that population grew geometrically, and would therefore outstrip the ability to feed everybody.
Two checks on population:
Preventative—lowering birth rate (birth control)
Positive—increasing death rate (war)
Malthus failed to foresee advances in agriculture production and acceptance of birth control.

17. Explaining Population Change
Demographic Transition Theory
Population patterns are tied to a society’s level of technological development.
Stage 1: Preindustrial: birth rate and death rate high; fairly stable population
Stage 2: Developing industrial: reduced death rate and high birthrate; rapidly growing population
Stage 3: Developed industrial: reduced birthrate and low death rate; fairly stable population

19. Identify Cause and Effect
Reading Check
Identify Cause and Effect
What happens to a population if the birthrate is lower than the death rate?
Answer: The population will decrease over time.

20. Controlling Population Growth
The world now contains nearly 6.2 billion people, and the population continues to grow. Concerns about rapid growth have led to strategies aimed at controlling this growth.
The conscious decision by couples to have a certain number of children
Involves using birth control
Some countries offer incentives for small families, such as placing fines on additional children.
Family Planning
Some critics of family-planning believe that economic development must proceed before people in less-developed nations will voluntarily limit family size.
Economic Improvements –

21. How are some nations controlling population growth?
Reading Check
Draw Conclusions
How are some nations controlling population growth?
Answer: family planning, programs to promote economic development

22. Section 2 at a Glance Urban Life
Some sociologists study ways that the movement of populations affects the social world, especially the movement called urbanization. This movement involves the concentration of the population in cities.
Cities first arose about 6,000 years ago on the fertile banks of major rivers in North Africa and Asia. Many of these early cities were small by modern standards and contained a few thousand people. Most preindustrial cities were very crowded and lacked any kind of sanitation system. As a result, death rates in cities were higher than those in rural areas.

23. Section 2 at a Glance (cont.)
Urban Life
The industrial city was much larger than the preindustrial city, and commerce was the focal point of urban life. For the first time in history, people worked outside of the home in offices and factories. As industrial cities grew larger, crime, overcrowding and pollution increased.

24. Urban Life Main Idea Reading Focus
Cities have evolved through time, and face many challenges today.
Reading Focus
How did cities evolve?
What are some of the challenges cities face today?

25. The Past Revisited
Do you think you could live in a city without a car?

26. The Evolution of the City
Urbanization is the concentration of the population into cities. A city is a permanent concentration of a relatively large number of people who are engaged mainly in nonfarming activities.
The first cities arose about 6,000 years ago and grew because of advances in agriculture.
Life in early cities was crowded and dirty.
The Preindustrial City
The Industrial Revolution changed life in the cities.
Mechanization of agriculture led people to move to cities.
Commerce and society became the focal point of life instead of the family.
The Industrial City –

27. Click on the image to play the Interactive.

29. How did the industrial city differ from the preindustrial city?
Reading Check
Contrast
How did the industrial city differ from the preindustrial city?
Answer: The industrial city was larger in area and population. Central business districts replaced parts of the city devoted to certain trades. People worked farther away from where they lived, and the family became a less powerful force in controlling the daily life of the individual.

30. Urban Challenges Today
Urbanization in more-developed countries has usually resulted in increased rates of literacy, greater economic opportunities, and improved health care.
Urbanization in less-developed countries has been less orderly and more rapid.
Overurbanization: a situation in which more people live in a city than can be supported in terms of jobs and facilities.
Inadequate housing, food, sewage disposal, and hospitals
High rates of illness and death

31. How do you think overurbanization can be prevented?
Reading Check
Draw Conclusions
How do you think overurbanization can be prevented?
Answer: Possible answer—Create more job opportunities for people in areas outside of cities so they will not be drawn into urban areas to find work or services

32. Cultural Diversity and Sociology
New York City’s Ethnic Neighborhoods
Centuries of migration and immigration have shaped New York City into hundreds of distinct ethnic neighborhoods that have come to reflect the diverse cultures of these immigrants.
Lower East Side: large population of Jews, home of the city’s first synagogue
Chinatown: street signs in both English and Chinese, Chinese groceries and restaurants
Jackson Heights: “Little India,” Bollywood theaters and Indian restaurants, also home to immigrants from Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Russia –

33. Cultural Diversity and Sociology
New York City’s Ethnic Neighborhoods
Centuries of migration and immigration have shaped New York City into hundreds of distinct ethnic neighborhoods that have come to reflect the diverse cultures of these immigrants.
Little Italy: not as Italian as it used to be, now more of a tourist destination. Many Italians have moved to Staten Island.
Harlem: center of African American culture and music in the 1920s, recent economic revitalization
Spanish Harlem: high concentration of Puerto Ricans
Irish New York: about 2 million migrated in mid-1800s –

35. Cultural Diversity and Sociology
Thinking Critically
How do New York’s ethnic neighborhoods differ?
What influence do you think immigrants have on the city’s culture?

36. Section 3 at a Glance Urban Ecology
Some sociologists developed urban ecology as an approach to studying cities. This approach examines the relationship between people and the urban environment.
In addition to studying the structure of cities, sociologists are interested in the nature of life in cities. Several theories try to explain city life—urban anomie, compositional, and subcultural.

37. Urban Ecology Main Idea Reading Focus
Researchers have created several models to explain the structure of cities and several theories to explain city life.
Reading Focus
What models of city structure are there?
How do some theories explain city life?

38. How are cities helping to protect the environment?

39. Models of City Structure
Urban ecology examines the relationship between people and the urban environment.
Human behavior determines the layout of the urban environment, and in turn the urban environment affects human behavior.
Areas of a city are created for set purposes, and as a result, people, buildings, and activities are distributed in certain patterns.
Concentric Zone Model
A typical industrial city spreads outward from the center, resulting in a series of circles or zones.
Each zone used differently
Residential areas constantly changing
Geographical features might change structure

40. Models of City Structure
Sector Model
Growth occurs in wedge-shaped sectors—not concentric circles—outward from the center to the edge of the city.
Transportation routes shape city.
Multiple Nuclei Model
A city grows outward from several centers of activity (nuclei), not just one.
Addresses use of automobile in cities
Clustering occurs because it is beneficial: several stores grouped together will attract more customers than one single store.

42. Urban Ecology Models—A Critique
These three models describe ideal city growth conditions and are not expected to be exact reflections of any one or all urban areas.
They account for previous trends, such as suburbanization, but not some recent trends, such as urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl: poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns
Downtown residential areas are proposed to be low-income in these models, but in reality downtown areas have become high-income residential areas.
Ignore emotional ties of a population to a particular location.

43. What are the models of city structure?
Reading Check
Summarize
What are the models of city structure?
Answer: concentric zone, sector, multiple nuclei

44. Theories of City Life Urban Anomie Theory Anomie means “normlessness.”
Theory proposed by Louis Wirth.
The city is an anonymous and unfriendly place, and living there carries serious negative consequences for residents.
Cities discourage primary group relationships. This lack of primary relationships produces anomie.
Contact with others is short-lived, formal, and shallow.

45. Theories of City Life Compositional Theory Subcultural Theory
The composition of a city’s population influences city life.
Age, race, ethnicity, education, income, and occupation affect urban lifestyle.
Five identifiable lifestyles among city dwellers
Subcultural Theory
Characteristics of the city encourages primary group relationships. People form groups around interests.
Because of the city’s size and diversity, people can find others who share their interests and lifestyles.

47. Reading Check
Explain
How does the subcultural theory describe the formation of relationships?
Answer: Since there are many people in cities who might share one’s interests, there are also more opportunities to form associations and friendships with people.

48. Lab: Applying What You’ve Learned
Analyzing World Population Statistics
How does the population of the United States differ from the population of other countries?
In this lab, you will analyze population statistics for the United States and for another country.
Work in pairs to research a country and find statistics for both countries.
1. Introduction
Enter your statistics in a chart.
Add your chart and a title to a piece of poster board.
Print the population pyramids you found and add those.
Finally, add photographs or illustrations that explain the data.
2. Compiling Statistics and Creating a Poster –

50. Lab (cont.) 3. Presenting Your Poster 4. Discussion
Work with your partner to decide who will present which parts of the poster.
Talk about the following:
Statistics tables
Population pyramids
Comparing the two countries
Explaining the illustrations
4. Discussion
What did you learn from this lab? As a group, discuss the following:
What differences and similarities among countries did you find?
Do you think the growth rate of a country affects its society? Explain.
Which assigned country has the lowest birthrate?
Which assigned country has the largest percentage of teenagers?