The Reformation ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: WHAT CONDITIONS CAN ENCOURAGE THE DESIRE FOR REFORM? HOW CAN REFORM INFLUENCE SOCIETY AND BELIEFS?
Prelude to Reformation Christian Humanism: a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church Desiderius Erasmus Sought to reform the Church from within Need for Reform Church officials more concerned about career/wealth Indulgence: a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death Sold by the Church and signed by the Pope
Martin Luther and the Ninety- Five Theses Martin Luther German monk Believed humans saved through their faith, not good works Bible only valid source of truth The Ninety-Five Theses Luther angry about selling of indulgences Said to have posted “complaints” on door of Castle Church in Wittenberg Thousands of copies made thanks to printing press A Break with the Church Luther excommunicated
The Rise of Lutheranism Luther supported by German rulers Took control of Catholic churches, forming state churches Lutheranism: the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed The first Protestant faith The Peasant’s War Rebellious peasants turned to Luther for support Luther supported German princes
Political Impact Religious warfare in Germany German princes sided with Luther as a way to oppose papal authority Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) unable to defeat them due to other political struggles Peace of Augsburg (1555) Formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany
The Spread of Protestantism Protestantism in Switzerland Reform movement led by priest, Ulrich Zwingli Killed in war between Protestant and Catholic states John Calvin Took over Protestantism in Switzerland Introduced the idea of predestination (belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned) Became most important form of Protestantism
Reformation in England King Henry VIII Request for divorce/annulment from wife Catherine denied by pope Led the England’s break from the Catholic Church Anne Boleyn Henry’s new wife and queen Gave birth to future Queen Elizabeth I Anglican Church (Church of England) King was the head of the Church Dissolved monasteries and sold their lands/possessions Remained similar to Catholicism
Reformation in England Edward VI succeeded Henry Son of Henry’s third wife Anglican Church moved in a more Protestant direction Edward died at 16 from tuberculosis Mary I (Bloody Mary) succeeded Edward Catherine’s daughter and a Catholic Ordered burning of almost 300 Protestants
The Spread of Protestantism Anabaptists Believed in complete separation of church and state Persecuted by both Protestants and Catholics Reformation and Society Protestants expanded education Abolished monasticism and celibacy requirement for clergy Anti-Semitism Remained common Luther recommended Jewish synagogues be destroyed Catholics forced Jews to live in ghettos
The Counter-Reformation Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) Founded by Ignatius Loyola (Spain) Used education to restore Catholicism and spread it to other parts of the world Reform of the Papacy Pope Paul III established the Reform Commission and the Council of Trent Council reaffirmed Catholic teachings Selling of indulgences forbidden