Biology Ch 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

 M1: Ecology  Study of large scale stuff  M2: Molecules to Organisms  Study of really small scale stuff  M3: Heredity  Study of why you look like your parents  M4: Evolution  Study of how we change throughout time BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

 In our biosphere, everything is made of atoms BIOLOGY STARTS WITH CHEMISTRY

Basic unit of matter Protons + charge In nucleus Neutrons No charge In nucleus Electrons - charge Around nucleus ATOMS

 Pure substance of only one atom ELEMENTS

 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio  NaCl (salt (s))  H 2 O (water (l))  O 2 (oxygen (g)) COMPOUNDS

 Ionic  E- transferred from one atom to another  Ex: NaCl (salt)  Covalent  E- are shared between atoms  Ex: CO2  Hydrogen Bond  Ex: water molecules  Vander Waals Interactions  Ex: protein folding CHEMICAL BONDS

 Electrons are high energy subatomic particles  Valence electrons are responsible for chemical bonds BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRONS

 Through the interaction of molecules we can better understand our biosphere:  Water  pH  Carbon  Protein  Nucleic Acids  Carbohydrates  Lipids BIOLOGY IS DEPENDENT ON CHEMISTRY

Ch 2.3 MACROMOLECULES

 Large molecules living organisms are made of MACROMOLECULES

 Monomer: Nucleotide  5-Carbon Sugar  Phosphate Group  Nitrogen Base  Polymer: DNA/RNA strands 1. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE

 Biological Functions:  Storage of heritable information  Helps make protein NUCLEIC ACID FUNCTION

 DNA: Genetic Blueprint  RNA: Copies DNA for Gene Expression BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF N. ACIDS

 Monomer: Amino Acid  Carboxylic Acid (C & O)  Amine Groups (N & H)  Polymer: Polypeptide Chain  3D Structure of Protein  Complex proteins fold 2. PROTEIN STRUCTURE

 Biological Functions:  Build & repair tissues  Catalyze chemical reactions (enzyme)  Transport & signal molecules  Human Acquisition:  Meat, Eggs, Soybeans PROTEIN FUNCTION

 Human Tissues: Skin, Hair, Nails, Organs…  Enzymes: make or break molecules BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS

 Monomer: Monosaccharide  Simple sugars  ex: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )  Polymer: Polysaccharide  Complex starches  ex: starches (C 1n H 2n O 1n ) 3. CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE

 Biological Functions:  Short term energy  Structural support  Cell tags (antennae)  Human Acquisition:  Grains  Fruits CARBOHYDRATE FUNCTIONS

 Plants:  Cellulose, Sucrose, Fructose…  Animals:  Glycogen, Chitin… BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF CARBS

 Monomer?: Glycerol Head & Fatty Acid Tail 4. LIPID STRUCTURE

 Long term energy storage  Composition of cells (cell membrane) LIPID FUNCTION