Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 2: Chemical Reactions Section 3: Water and Solutions Section 4: The Building Blocks of Life

Objectives 1) What is a chemical reaction? 2) What is a catalyst? 3) What factors affect the rate of reaction of enzymes? 4) What are the monomers for lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids?

Reactants and Products  chemical reaction: process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. 6.2 Chemical Reactions  Reaction indicators: heat, formation of a gas, liquid, or solid. Chemistry in Biology Chemical reaction Physical reaction Chapter 6

Chemical Equations Chemistry in Biology  Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction  Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.  Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow.  Arrows indicate the process of change. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

 Example:  Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.  Reactants Products  Example:  H2O2+ enzyme → H2O + O2  Hydrogen Peroxide water and oxygen Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

Example: Catalase Function: To prevent the build up of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), which is a waste product of the cells. All organisms that breathe oxygen have and use catalase. Chemical reaction: H202 (liquid)→ H2O (liquid) + O2 (gas) ***This rxn can occur without catalase but at a much slower rate! H2O2 is the substrate, catalase is the enzyme.

Chemistry in Biology  activation energy - the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology  catalyst = any substance that speeds up a chemical reaction. (It also lowers the activation energy). 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6  Enzymes - Any protein that acts as a catalyst for a chemical reaction in cells.  Usually end with “– ase”.  Examples: Catalase, Ligase, Helicase

Chemistry in Biology  Substrates -The reactants that bind to the enzyme  Specific enzymes will only react with specific substrates, due to shape. (Like a lock and a key!!!)  Active site - The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology  Factors that affect enzyme activity:  pH, temperature, ionic conditions (amount of salt), amount of substrate available  These environmental conditions can change the shape of the enzyme! 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6  Conditions - Enzymes will only function in ideal conditions.  Ideal conditions vary for different enzymes.  Example: Enzymes found in the stomach work well in acidic (low pH) environments.

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6

What four chemical elements are most abundant in living matter?

Organic Chemistry  Organic – Living (or once was living) and contains carbon  carbon – an element found in almost all biological molecules.  Example. Clam shell does not contain C, urea (found in urine) does!  four most abundant elements in living matter: CHNOPS 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology  Macromolecules - large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.  Polymers - molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.  Analogy: polymer = brick wall  Monomer = single part of a polymer  Analogy = brick 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology Polymer = Carbohydrates Monomer =Monosaccharide  composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH 2 O) n ex. Sugars and starches 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology Polymer: Lipids (fats) Monomers: Glycerol and fatty acid  Elements: Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen  Examples: oils, waxes, animal fats  Lipids (animation) Lipids  Link: Lipids&video_id=43703http:// Lipids&video_id= The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology  Lipids with tail chains with only single bonds (C-C) between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats.  Lipids with at least one double bond between carbon atoms (C=C) in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.  DO NOT COPY  Eating foods that contain saturated fats raises the level of cholesterol in your blood. High levels of blood cholesterol increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology Polymer = Proteins Monomers = Amino acids (there are 20 different types of amino acids) examples: enzymes, actin (muscles)  Elements = carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.  Link: tle=Proteins&video_id= tle=Proteins&video_id= The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology  Polymer = Nucleic acids  Monomers = Nucleotides (consist of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base)  Example DNA and RNA  Elements = carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.  Link: o_id=43705&title=Nucliec_Acidshttp:// o_id=43705&title=Nucliec_Acids 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Chapter 6 Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.