RMA CONFERENCE Topic – Adolescents - Risk and Management Workshop leaders – Margaret MacKinnon Educational/Forensic Chartered Psychologist Accredited Trauma Specialist Dan Johnson Chartered Forensic psychologist Chartered Forensic psychologist

2 Assessment Holistic (LD/MH) TieredRisk/needsIntervenability Criminogenic need Desistance Human capital Social capital Developmental

3 GENETIC PREDISPOSITION

5 EARLY PARENTING

7 TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES

TRAUMA

9 KEY DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES IN CUMULATIVE STRANDS

10 RE-INFORCERS

11 ENVIRONMENT

12 PEER INFLUENCE

14 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE

15 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE

16 LOSS AND TRAUMATIC GRIEF

17 CLOSED MASK

PROFESSIONAL

DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES + RE-INFORCERS

20 Summary Build on strengths – ‘Human capital’ Build a social network – ‘Social capital’ Target intervention for risk/need Evaluate and re-assess. Contact:

Risk management Dan Johnson

22 Risk Assessment Tools Violence Risk Scale Youth Version (VRS:YV) San Diego Risk and Resiliency Check-up (SDRRC) Washington Association of Juvenile Court Administrators Risk Assessment (WSJCARA) Offender Risk Assessment Management System (ORAMS) Youth Needs Assessment/Youth Case Plan Security Risk Questionnaire Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth Crime Cycle Package Adolescent Chemical Dependency Inventory (ACDI) - Corrections Version II

23 8 Primary Tools General Application –ASSET –YLS/CMI –EARL 20B –EARL 21G Violent Offending –SAVRY –PCL:YV Sexual Offending –AIMS –JSOAP II –ERASOR

24 How ‘RATED’ are they? Empirical grounding –All have 6 points or above Applicability to Scottish Population –All at 3 points –Only ASSET, AIMS & YLS have any UK validation studies We Need validation studies!

25 Risk Tools used in CORA Schools Key Workers –YLS/CMI Psychologists –SAVRY –ERASOR Contributing assessment tools –NAS-PI –ASSET Mental Health Screener –BarOn –MASC –TSCC –CDI –WISC –PCL-YV

26 Specifics of Use ‘Use with caution and be aware of their limitations’ Concentrate on important: –Risk factors –Protective factors

27 Risk Management Plans Plan contributes to Multi-discp Care Plan To meet NEEDS: both criminogenic and non- criminogenic Can include recommendations covering Peers Family contact /Family intervention MentoringCounsellingCBT Offending behaviour programmes –What works?

28 Provisos on ‘What works’ and adolescents Research limited when compared to adults. We should not make assumptions about youths based on findings with adults. Many are adult programmes ‘tailored’ to youths

29 What works with Adolescents? Risk –Separate low and high risk offenders –Maximum 20 hours for low risk, more for high risk Integrity –Delivered as designed –Manuals, monitoring, assessment Responsivity –Limit programme length to six months

30 What works with Adolescents? Need –Target the intervention to the criminogenic needs of the individual Involve educators and parents Residential can be as effective as community programmes Vocational training is powerful

31 What works with Adolescents? High standard programmes targeting anger management, academic skills, anti-social attitudes, cognitive skills and social skills can impact positively on recidivism. Lattimer & Dowden (2003)

32 CORA Schools Programmes Violence Reduction Offending is not the only choice Ross Programme Substance Abuse Keep Your Cool Integrity: risk, need and responsivity Supervision and monitoring

33 Reality Check Available programmes are old –Develop state of the art programmes Upholding ‘What works’ conditions is challenging! –Maintain Resources for What Works: integrity

34 Reality Check Lack of evaluation of interventions –Need published evaluations Considered as panacea –Realistic expectations –Delivered as part of a plan

35 “Some rehabilitation programmes work with some offenders in some settings when applied by some staff” Antonowics & Ross, 1994

36 Conclusion Risk Management tools & What Works principles are important to reducing the risk of young people re-offending… …but there is still room for improvement.

37 Questions?