David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2014 Myers’ Psychology for AP ®, 2e AP ® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board ®, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Module 37: Motivational Concepts

Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

InstinctInstinct (fixed pattern) –Instincts in animals –Instincts in humans = a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

Drives and Motivations

Drive-reduction theory –Need –Drive –Drive reduction = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive –Positive and negative = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.

Optimum Arousal

Arousal –Optimum level of arousal According to the arousal theory of motivation, when our arousal levels drop below our individually mandated optimal levels, we seek out stimulation to elevate them =to stir to action or strong response; excite

Yerkes-Dodson Law The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes

A Hierarchy of Motives

Please fill in the Maslow Pyramid of Needs as we go through the following slides…

A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needshierarchy of needs –Variations in the hierarchy

A Hierarchy of Motives

Please fill in the Motivation Theory Chart as we cover the following slides

Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

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The Physiology of Hunger

Contractions of the stomach –Washburn study

Glucose Insulin- is naturally made in the body and helps the body absorb the glucose however in diabetics this hormone is not produced and must be replaced artificially = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Hypothalamus -Lateral hypothalamus = located in the mid-brain, which controls hunger, thirst, and emotions. - orexin is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness and appetite. –Vetromedial hypothalamus =causes us to stop eating when stimulated

Set point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. Basal metabolic rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

The Psychology of Hunger

Taste preferences –Genetic: sweet and salty –Neophobia= fear of new foods –Adaptive taste preferences= foods that multiple exposures are required to like (ex alcohol and coffee)

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture

Take Eating Habits Survey

Situational Influences on Eating Do you eat more when eating with others? Unit bias- the tendency to think that a single unit of food — a bottle, a can, a plateful, or some more subtle measure — is the right amount to eat or drink Food variety- we eat more if there is more food variety like a buffet

Obesity and Weight Control

The Psychology of Sex

The Benefits of Belonging Enhanced survival How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions Attachment –Anxious attachment –Insecure avoidant attachment

The Pain of Being Shut Out Ostracism- exclusion by general consent from common privileges or social acceptance Cyberostracism- Banishment or exclusion in a virtual environment such as the internet

Anterior Cingulate Cortex This region is involved in decision making and emotional regulation as well as vital to the regulation of physiological processes, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Connecting and Social Networking

Cell phones Texting and Facebook and twitter

Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? –Does social networking promote narcissism?

Cognition and Emotion

Emotions = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Also called Peripheral Theory Fear is the recognition of physiological responses According to James first you run, etc. which triggers the emotion Once you strip away all of the physiological responses nothing else remains Taking that further all emotions start with a physical response then the emotion follows Smiling then can theoretically make you feel happy

Cannon-Bard theory Emotions are there before the physical responses (you are afraid before you run) The thalamus relays information from the sense organs and directs them first It stimulates the cerebral cortex and the central nervous system at the same time In other words the thalamus does not take direction from the body but instead sends information to it in order to respond In the cerebral cortex the Amygdala then process the information as fear without the body’s input since it receives it at the same time = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Schachter and Singer Also called the Two-factor theory = the Schachter-Singer theory; that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. The physiological responses are very similar between some emotions and thus cannot be by physical occurrences alone Cognitive interaction also plays a part (you must process there is a bear before the body responds) Lie detectors are based on this theory Lie detectors record physiological responses to questions The subject must cognitively dissect the question then physical responses occur Our perceived threat in this situation may be the key to the responses

Robert Zajonc -Believed we have reactions apart from, or even before we interpret the situation Example: we like someone first but we don’t know exactly why

Joseph LeDoux -Believed our brain sometimes takes the “low road” which is a kind of short cut that would bypass the cortex and go straight from the eye, ear, etc. to the amygdala to produce fear -In other words we feel fear before we can deep process the situation X1MDMjc2NjY3OQRfcgMyBGZyA3czaQRncHJpZANBcWpPSzdtUVFVdUpk NFJjZ1JQTmJBBG5fcnNsdAMwBG5fc3VnZwMxMARvcmlnaW4Dc2VhcmNo LnlhaG9vLmNvbQRwb3MDMQRwcXN0cgNqb3NlcGggBHBxc3RybAM3BHF zdHJsAzE4BHF1ZXJ5A2pvc2VwaCBsZWRvdXggZmVhcgR0X3N0bXADMT Q0OTA3MTk5MQ--?p=joseph+ledoux+fear&fr2=sa-gp- search&fr=w3i&type=W3i_DS%2C202%2C0_0%2CSearch%2C %2 C20083%2C0%2C76%2C0

Lazarus -Believed we cannot react to something unless we process it first

The brain’s processing…

Please fill in the Emotional Theories Chart as we cover the following slides

Embodied Emotion

As we go through the Autonomic System Power Point, please complete the Autonomic Nervous System Flip Chart

Autonomic nervous system -Fight or flee –Sympathetic nervous system arousing –Parasympathetic nervous system Calming

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

The Physiology of Emotions Brain circuits Left frontal lobe

Insula The insula is believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis These functions include perception, motor control, self- awareness, cognitive functioning and interpersonal experience

Brain Circuits -A circuit typically refers to a set of interconnected components that together complete a specific function.

Detecting Emotion in Others

Duchenne Smile -The Duchenne Smile is named after the French neurologist Duchenne de Boulogne who conducted pioneering research into the science of electrophysiology. -As part of a series of experiments which involved stimulating the facial muscles of test subjects with electrical currents Duchenne discovered that two specific facial muscles have to work together in order to produce a genuine smile, namely the muscle which turns the corners of the lips up, and the muscle which contracts around the eyes resulting in the appearance of distinctive wrinkles commonly referred to as crows feet.

Take the Emotional Expressivity Scale

Culture and Emotional Expression

A new study reviews how expression and perception of emotion is influenced by culture For example: Dutch people pay attention to the facial expression more than Japanese people do. Japanese people express emotion in the tone of voice, not in the face.

Facial feedback effect = the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness.

Watch Faces with John Cleese

Health psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. In the field of physical health and psychological well- being, health psychology specializes in exploring biological, psychological, cultural, societal, and environmental factors of life, and how each of these affects physical health.

Stress: Some Basic Concepts

Stress –Stress appraisal = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhausion.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Tend-and-befriend = under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

Watch Brain Games Season 3 Disk 1 “Stress Test”

Psychophysiological illnesses = literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

Stress and AIDS and Cancer Stress suppresses the immune system Stress and Heart Disease Stress causes blood pressure to rise and high blood pressure has been linked to heart disease

Coronary heart disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Take the Type A or B Test

Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

The End