3. 44.1 – Describe how stress makes us more vulnerable to disease.
The Physiological Effects of Psychological States
Stress can cause psychophysiological illnesses (“mind-body” illness), such as headaches or hypertension. The field of psychoneuroimmunology studies the interactions of your thoughts and feelings, which influence your brain, which influences the endocrine hormones that affect your immune system.

4. 44.1 – Describe how stress makes us more vulnerable to disease.
Health Related Consequences
Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the progression from HIV to AIDS. Researchers disagree on whether stress influences the progression of cancer. They do agree that a relaxed hopeful state can strengthen the body’s natural defenses, however, avoiding stress and having a hopeful attitude cannot reverse advanced cancer.

5. 44.1 – Describe how stress makes us more vulnerable to disease.
The Effects of Stress on the Immune System
Stress can reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. The human immune system protects the body by attacking harmful bacteria and viruses with lymphocytes, white blood cells created in the bone marrow.
A) B lymphocytes - form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.
B) T lymphocytes – form in the lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
C) Microphages – identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells.
D) Natural Killer Cells – pursue diseased cells.

6. 44.1 – Describe how stress makes us more vulnerable to disease.

7. 44.2 – Explain why some of us are more prone than others to coronary heart disease.
Personality Types (Friedman and Rosenman’s terms)
High-stress personalities are more likely to develop coronary heart disease.
A) Type A – a term used for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
B) Type B – refers to easygoing, relaxed people.
C) Type C – people-pleasers, peace-keepers, often lonely, find it difficult to express emotions, especially negative ones.
D) Type H – type A individuals who thrive on stress, rather than succumbing to it. Different from the traditional Type A in three key ways Commitment, control, and challenge.

8. 44.2 – Explain why some of us are more prone than others to coronary heart disease.
If life gives you lemons . . .
Type A people get enraged & throw the lemons back, having a minor heart attack while doing so…
Type B people gather all of the lemons & make lemonade…
Type C people don’t say anything, but fume inside where no one can see…
Type H people gather the lemons, make lemonade, sell it, turn it into a franchise business & make millions…

9. 44.2 – Explain why some of us are more prone than others to coronary heart disease.
Coping With Stress
Problem-focused coping is reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress. Emotion-focused coping is when we cannot change a stressful situation, and we respond by attending to our own emotional needs.
A) Problem-Focused Coping – addressing the problem by changing the factors associated with the problem.
B) Emotion-Focused Coping – changing certain emotions that are triggered by the stressor.

10. 44.2 – Explain why some of us are more prone than others to coronary heart disease.
Explanatory Styles
People with an optimistic (instead of pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more control over stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better moods, and have a stronger immune system.
A) Optimistic – tend to explain negative event through specific explanations and consideration of external factors.
B) Pessimistic – tend to explain negative events with personal vindication and self-defeating attitudes.

11. 44.2 – Explain why some of us are more prone than others to coronary heart disease.

12. 44.2 – Explain why some of us are more prone than others to coronary heart disease.
Perceived Control – the more sense of control a person has over a situation or circumstances, the less stress that person will encounter.
Social Support – advice and resources provided by knowledgeable and productive friends and family