Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc America in 1900 Population Growth, Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –The Lure of the City Jobs + Railroads = Rapid Urban Growth
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Immigration’s Contribution to Population Growth Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Migrations Geographic Mobility
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Migrations Geographic Mobility: Americans left rural life –Some went West and some to industrial cities African-American Communities –Most became lowly wage laborers—not factory workers But most urban growth came from Immigration, –Most from southern and eastern Europe: 10 million between 1860 and 1890 –These people were poor, stayed in cities for unskilled jobs
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Total Immigration, Sources of Immigration From Europe, Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –The Ethnic City The Diverse American City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Ethnic and Class Segregation in Milwaukee, Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –The Ethnic City The Diverse American City –Most people in cities were Born outside of U.S.!!! Benefits of Ethnic Communities: a touch Communities: a touch of home
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Scenes from a New York City “ghetto” fish market (Library of Congress) Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Assimilation Americanization
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Assimilation Americanization –Young, newly urban, 2 nd generation desire to become American Changing Gender Roles: –Women were almost instantly more liberated Jobs, Public Education, & Consumerism –These elements of society forced English on immigrants
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Exclusion Nativism “Immigration Under Attack,” 1903 (New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Exclusion Nativism Immigration Restriction League Restriction League Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urbanization of America The Urbanization of America –Exclusion Nativism: Always an American Strain Immigration Restriction League –Some groups formed to exclude Advantages of Cheap Labor –But mostly people applauded booming economy and this new source of cheap labor
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The Creation of Public Space Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux The Mall in Central Park, 1902 (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The Creation of Public Space Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux “City Beautiful Movement”
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The Creation of Public Space Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux “City Beautiful Movement” Idea of the safety valve Libraries, Museums and Concert Halls –(provided by the rich) Order imposed on chaos Frog Pond at Boston Common, 1899 (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Streetcar Suburbs in Nineteenth Century New Orleans Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Housing the Well-to-Do Growth of Suburbs Much like today, the wealthy move away from the dis order of inner city change.
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Attic tenement house (Library of Congress) Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Housing Workers and the Poor Tenements
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Housing Workers and the Poor Tenements Crowded, un- healthy conditions Jacob Riis Attic tenement house (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Urban Transportation Transportation Problems
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –Urban Transportation Transportation Problems –Narrow streets –Increased traffic –The El –Cable Cars –Subway Mass Transit Elevated Railway in Chicago (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape –The “Skyscraper” Steel-Girder Construction –Better steel, elevators Building up instead of out Empire Building in New York (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Fire Development of Professional Fire Departments Crowded urban conditions + lots of wood construction = fire! Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Baltimore had “great fires.”
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Environmental Degradation Inadequate Sanitation Bad or inadequate sewer systems Disease spread rapidly in slums, tenements
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Environmental Degradation Inadequate Sanitation Air Pollution
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Environmental Degradation Inadequate Sanitation Air Pollution Public Health Service
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Urban Poverty Only limited relief and only for “deserving” poor Salvation Army est = more religious revivalism than charity Middle class grew alarmed over impoverished children, orphans
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –Crime and Violence High Crime Rates with crowding and poverty Professional police forces were developed These forces were often corrupt (jobs filled through patronage rather than professionalism) Nervous suburbanites developed national guards, armories (fear of the urban, immigrant hordes)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –The Machine and the Boss Boss Rule = immigrant votes in exchange for help upon arrival (jobs, advice, housing, etc.)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –The Machine and the Boss Boss Rule Graft and Corruption
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Strains of Urban Life Strains of Urban Life –The Machine and the Boss Boss Rule Graft and Corruption Reasons for Boss Rule –Politcal
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption Middle-Class Culture
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Patterns of Income and Consumption Rising Income
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Patterns of Income and Consumption Rising Income New Merchandising Techniques
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Chain Stores and Mail-Order Houses Chain Stores Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Chain Stores and Mail-Order Houses Chain Stores Social Consequences of Mail-Order Catalogs
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Department Stores Impact of the Department Store
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Rise of Mass Consumption The Rise of Mass Consumption –Women as Consumers National Consumers League
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Redefining Leisure New Conceptions of Leisure Amusement Park in Ohio (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Redefining Leisure New Conceptions of Leisure Simon Patten
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Redefining Leisure New Conceptions of Leisure Simon Patten Public Leisure
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Spectator Sports Major League Baseball Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, PA (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Spectator Sports Major League Baseball Growth of College Football Football Player (Royalty-Free / CORBIS)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Spectator Sports Major League Baseball Growth of College Football College Football Gambling and Sports and Sports Woman with a Royal Flush (Royalty-Free / CORBIS)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Music and Theater Ethnic Theater Hammerstein Theater (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Music and Theater Ethnic Theater Vaudeville
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –The Movies Birth of a Nation Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Working-Class Leisure Importance of the Saloon Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –The Fourth of July Importance of the Fourth of July Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Fourth of July Salute, 1893 (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Private Pursuits Dime Novels Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Private Pursuits Dime Novels Music in the Home Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Leisure in the Consumer Society Leisure in the Consumer Society –Mass Communications Emergence of Newspaper Chains Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Literature of Urban America Social Realism Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City The Brooklyn Bridge (Licensed for Use)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Literature of Urban America Social Realism Henry Adams Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Art in the Age of the City Ashcan School Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Art in the Age of the City Ashcan School Birth of Modernism Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Impact of Darwinism “Natural Selection” Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City Charles Darwin (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Impact of Darwinism “Natural Selection” “Pragmatism” Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –The Impact of Darwinism “Natural Selection” “Pragmatism” Growth of Anthropology Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Toward Universal Schooling Spread of Public Education Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City University of Minnesota, ca (Library of Congress)
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Toward Universal Schooling Spread of Public Education “Land-Grant” Institutions Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc High Culture in the Age of the City High Culture in the Age of the City –Education for Women Women’s Colleges Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City “Our failures marry.” Administrator at Bryn Mawr
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc America in the World: America in the World: Global Migrations Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City
Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Coney Island, NY (Library of Congress) Patterns of Popular Culture: Patterns of Popular Culture: Coney Island Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City