Study Guide for the 3 rd Marking Period Quarterly

What was the primary motive for imperialism?  Many nations looked to Africa as a source of raw materials and a market for industrial products

What was the major change in Africa between 1878 and 1913?  Almost all of Africa became colonized by European countries by 1913.

What is racism?  This is the belief that one group of people is superior to another based solely on race

What was the result of the Berlin Conference?  As a result of the Berlin Conference, Africa was divided into colonies without consulting African leaders.

What are the different types or forms of imperialism?  The different types of Imperialism are:  Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence Economic Imperialism

What is paternalism?  This is when the Europeans governed the people in a parental way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

Define direct and in-direct control  Direct control is when local government officials are used, there is a limited self-rule, the goal is to develop future leaders and government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules  In-Direct control is when foreign officials are brought in to rule and there is no self-rule, the goal is assimilation and government institutions are based only on European styles

Define Social Darwinism  A social theory of the time, Darwin’s ideas about evolution and natural selection were applied to human society. Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others. According to the theory, non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of cultural and physical development because they had not made the scientific and technological progress that Europeans had. Europeans believed that they had the right and the duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries.

Describe the boundaries in Africa at the end of the 19 th century.  The boundaries that existed in Africa can best be described as arbitrarily drawn with no consideration for the African people.

What was the result of putting an emphasis on cash crops?  Famine as the people were growing cash crops rather than crops that they could eat.

What was the result of the Sepoy Mutiny?  The British government tightened its control over India

What was the land of Southeast Asia best suited for?  Plantation agriculture

Who made up the Central Powers?  Germany and Austria-Hungary

Describe the Schlieffen Plan  Under the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans did not want to fight a 2 front war. Their plan was to attack France first and then turn around to attack Russia.

What new weapons came about during WWI?  Poison Gas  Machine Gun  Tank  Submarine

Why was the Gallipoli campaign fought?  It was fought with the hope of opening a supply line to Russia.

What was unrestricted submarine warfare?  The Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain.

What was the purpose of the League of Nations?  The League was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

Who was blamed for WWI in the War Guilt Clause?  Germany was forced to assume sole responsibility for the war.

What was the result of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany?  Treaty of Versailles – ended WW1  Germany lost substantial territory and had severe restrictions placed on its military  Placed sole responsibility on Germany (war guilt)  As a result, Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies  All Germany’s colonies in Africa and Pacific declared mandates, or territories to be managed by League of Nations until ready for independence

Describe the motivations for Imperialism  A. Industrial Revolution – As European nations industrialized, they searched for new markets and raw materials to improve their economies  B. National Pride – Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness. Each country was determined to plant its flag on as much of the world as possible

 C. Racism and Social Darwinism  Europeans thought they were better than other people  Racism – the belief that one race is superior to others  Social Darwinism - Social Darwinism was a social theory that applied Darwin’s survival of the fittest to human society – those fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior; non-Europeans were considered lower culturally and physically because they had not made the technological and scientific progress that Europe had. Europeans believed they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries

 D – Missionaries - wanted to spread Christianity and “civilize” (meaning Westernize) people of foreign lands

Describe the effect of imperialism on the colonized people and not on the Europeans  Positive:  Reduced local warfare  Humanitarian efforts in some areas improved sanitation, hospitals, schools  Result of humanitarian efforts was that literacy rated improved  Economic expansion as African goods became valued on international market  Infrastructure improvements which included railroads, dams, and telephone and telegraph line

 African lost control of their land and independence  Thousands died from resisting the Europeans  Many died from new diseases such as smallpox  Famines resulted from the change to cash crops in place of subsistence agriculture  Suffered from a breakdown on their traditional cultures:  Homes and property were taken  Men forced to leave villages to find work  Admiration of European life undermined stable societies and caused identity problems for the Africans

 Most Harmful:  The division of the African continent  Long-term rivals often united or kinship groups were split between the colonies  Artificial boundaries combined or unnaturally divided groups, creating problems that for the nations that evolved from the former colonies.

Describe the causes of WWI  MANIA  Militarism  Alliances  Nationalism  Imperialism  Assassination  See Chart for explanations

Describe the legacy of WWI  Huge amount of death and destruction  8.5 million dead  21 million wounded  Huge number of civilian deaths due to starvation, disease, slaughter  Devastating economic impact on Europe  Total cost of $338 billion wiped out treasuries  Destroyed farmland, homes, towns, etc

 Sense of disillusionment spread over survivors  Feelings of insecurity and despair  Peace treaty left anger and resentment