Warm-Up: Make a little chart like the one below & complete MacromoleculeBuilding Block Job in the body Nucleic Acid Protein

Protein Synthesis AKA How do your genes determine your traits?

Recognize the interactions between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis.

Remember that Proteins: Speed up reactions (enzymes) for metabolism Build & repair tissues Protect your body

So really…Proteins are what: determine all of your traits!

________________ are the building blocks of proteins The order of these building blocks determines the job of the protein.

So…. If proteins make your body - they must come from somewhere… But what could possibly provide enough instructions to make all of them?

DNA is the genetic code The order of the letters (A,T,C,G) determines what protein is made (which determines the trait) Every 3 bases make a codon (the code for one amino acid)

DNA is decoded in a process called protein synthesis. The DNA instructions are first turned into an RNA copy and then those instructions are used to make a protein.

Where is DNA kept? Nucleus Where is protein made? ribosome

nucleic acid “disposable” copy of DNA’s instructions - can leave the nucleus!!! What is RNA?

DNARNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Sugar = Deoxyribose Ribonucleic Acid Sugar = Ribose

A & T C & G A & U C & G (Uracil instead of Thymine) DNARNA

Double Helix (twisted ladder) Found only in the nucleus (stays protected) Single Strand (looks like ½ the ladder) Found in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm and at the ribosomes DNARNA

codes for thousands of genes codes for exactly one gene that makes one protein DNARNA

3 major types of RNA mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)

mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the DNA’s instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome complementary to the original DNA (except Us instead of Ts)

tRNA (transfer RNA) brings an amino acid to the ribosome so the protein can be put together has an anticodon on one end (3 RNA bases) that connect to its complementary codon on the mRNA has a specific amino acid on the other end that goes with the specific anticodon

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) links amino acids together in the ribosome to make a protein

Overview of Protein Synthesis: DNA mRNA Protein (Traits) Transcription Translation

Definition of Protein Synthesis Making a protein by first transcribing (making a readable copy) of a gene and then translating its genetic code into an amino acid chain

Transcription = creating an RNA copy happens in the nucleus 1.DNA unzips to expose one gene (code for one protein) 2.RNA bonds in a complementary way A  UC  G T  AG  C

Now you practice! TAC CAC CTC GGC ATT DNA mRNA GTA AAT GGG TCA TTG DNA mRNA

Translation = mRNA is decoded into an amino acid sequence - at the ribosome (nucleic acid code becomes a protein)

Translation 1.The ribosome hooks onto the mRNA and starts translating at a start codon (AUG) 2.A tRNA, carrying an amino acid, is pulled in by the ribosome & its anticodon binds to the mRNA codon. 3. The next tRNA anticodon is also bound, & the ribosome joins the two aa’s, then cuts off the 1 st tRNA & releases it (tRNA’s are recycled)

Translation 4.The ribosome continues, moving down the mRNA, binding new tRNA’s and adding to the polypeptide until it reaches the stop codon. 5. The stop codon signals the end of the protein, so the ribosome lets go. A new protein has been made that will now determine the traits of your body.

So how do YOU do it? The Genetic Code Each mRNA codon codes for one amino acid > To determine which amino acid is added to the polypeptide, work outwards (largest letter to smallest) in the wheel w/ codon letters (mRNA)

You might also see one like this…

Practice! AUGGUGGAGCCGUAA

Questions to add to your notes on Protein Syn. What are 3 major differences between DNA and RNA? Explain how proteins are connected to traits. Describe the functions of the 3 types of RNA. What are the 2 parts of protein synthesis and where does each take place? What is the purpose of transcription? What is the purpose of translation?

Another animation The BIG PICTURE An interactive animation that will help you understand this can be found at: 790/animations/translation/translation.htm 790/animations/translation/translation.htm

EQs: List 2 similarities and 2 differences between DNA & RNA. What is the process by which your genes are turned into traits? Describe in detail!