1. By: Anne Russell, Madelyn Stroder, Hannah Black, And Bailey Mills

2.  The double helix in DNA allows in to be copied.  DNA controls the production of proteins in the cell.  The first step in converting DNA to RNA is coping the nucleotide sequence to RNA.

3. RNA  Coded information for making proteins  Long chain of nucleotides  The sugar is ribose  Single stranded  Has uracil  Disposable of DNA  segment  Working copy on single gene  One job: protein synthesis DNA  The sugar is deoxyribose  Double helix or double stranded  Has thymine  Single gene produces hundreds or thousands of RNA molecules.

4.  Messenger RNA: controls assembly of amino acids into proteins.  Ribosomal RNA: carries instruction copies from DNA to cell.  Transfer RNA: during protein construction, or transfers amino acids to the specific Ribosome that is specified by the RNA’s information.

6.  The production of RNA molecules by copying nucleotide sequence to a complementary RNA sequence.  RNA polymerase: and enzyme used in transcription, similar to DNA polymerase.  During transcription, RNA polymerase binds DNA and separates DNA strands.  Then RNA polymerase strands use one strand of DNA as a template which nucleotides are assembled into RNA.  Promoters- regions of DNA with specific base sequences which the enzyme uses in transcription.  Promoters- Regions of DNA with Specific base sequences which the enzyme uses in transcription. Promoters cause enzymes to start and stop making RNA.

8.  Introns- sequences: nucleotides not involved in coding for the proteins in eukaryotic genes.  Exons-sequences: used for coding proteins.  Introns are cut out of RNA while in the nucleus.  Remaining exons are squished together to form the final mRNA.  Introns and exons being cut are ways to create different tissues and help in evolution.

9.  Proteins are made by joining amino acids in polypeptide chains.  Each chain has and combination of amino acids.  Protein properties are determined by the order of amino acids.  Using the “Genetic code” and A, U, C, G form 20 acids.  Each section, “word” is three letters long: codon UCGCACGGU  UCG-CAC-GGU  Serine-Histidine-Glycine  4 bases  64 possible 3-base condon.  Some condons represent the same condon.

11.  Translation: decoding mRNA into polypeptide chain.  mRNA is released into the cytoplasm.  As mRNA travels through the ribosome, tRNA brings amino acids.  Each tRNA, which can only carry 1 a,a, has 3 bases, called and anticodon.  After aminoacids are joined, the tRNA is released.  Amino acids continue to combine until a stop condon in the mRNA is reached.  They polypeptide chain is then released with mRNA completing translation.

12.  RNA is a disposable copy of DNA  Proteins are microscopic tools used to build and operate a living cell.  Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.