Motivation Prof Karen Hanen Mgt 360

Individual Needs and Motivation Motivation—the forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work Two Major Areas to Focus on in studying Motivation Needs Theories Process Theories Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.1 Opportunities for satisfaction in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Individual Needs and Motivation ERG theory Developed by Clayton Alderfer Three need levels Existence needs desires for physiological and material well-being Relatedness needs desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships Growth needs desires for continued psychological growth and development Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.2 Elements in Herzberg’s two-factor theory Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Individual Needs and Motivation Acquired needs theory Developed by David McClelland People acquire needs through their life experiences Needs that are acquired: Need for Achievement (nAch) Need for Power (nPower) Need for Affiliation (nAff) Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.3 Equity theory and the role of social comparison (Process Theory) Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.4 Elements in the expectancy theory of motivation (Process Theory) Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Goal Setting –Process Theory Set specific goals Set challenging goals Build goal acceptance and commitment Clarify goal priorities Provide feedback on goal accomplishment Reward goal accomplishment SMART GOALS – Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic/Relative, Time-Bound How to Make Goal Setting Work for You: Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

More Process Theories of Motivation Self-Efficacy Theory Enactive mastery person gains confidence through positive experience Vicarious modeling learning by observing others Verbal persuasion encouragement from others that one can perform a task Emotional arousal high stimulation or energy to perform well in a situation Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.5 Applying reinforcement strategies – behavior modeling: case of total quality management Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Motivation and Job Design Potential advantages of job simplification: Easier and quicker training of workers Workers are less difficult to supervise Workers are easier to replace Development of expertise in doing repetitive tasks Potential disadvantages of job simplification: Productivity suffers Cost increases due to absenteeism/ turnover of unhappy workers Poor performance may result from worker boredom/ alienation Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Motivation and Job Design Job rotation Increases task variety by periodically shifting workers among jobs involving different task assignments Job enlargement Increases task variety by combining two or more tasks previously assigned to separate workers Horizontal loading Job enrichment Building more opportunities for satisfaction into a job by expanding its content Increases job depth by adding work planning duties normally performed by a supervisor Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Motivation and Job Design Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.6 Job design essentials using the job characteristics model Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Alternate Work Options Can Enhance Motivation 1.Compressed Work Week – 4/10, 3/12, 9/80 2.Flex-time – Core Time, Flex-Time 3.Telecommuting – Full week or partial week 4.Job Sharing – 2 people sharing one full-time position 5.Part-time Work – Less than traditional full- time hours, can vary 6.Contingency/Project – As needed

Next Class – March 14 Mid-term #1 Next Week, March 14 – Bring Scantron Form 882-E, 2B Pencil, Valid CSUN or Drivers License, if no picture ID you cannot turn in test Test 1 = 30 questions, 300 points, Focus on Readings and in-class presentations/discussions Class Paper Assignment Feb 15 – March 28, 11:30am Post General Questions on Moodle or me – Have a great week!!