18 National Security Policymaking

Video: The Big Picture 18 IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch18_National_Security_ Policymaking_Seg1_v2.html

18 Learning Objectives Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War

18 Learning Objectives Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy

18 Learning Objectives Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy Assess the role of democratic politics in making national security policy and the role of national security policy in expanding government

Video: The Basics IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_ForeignDefense_v2.html 18

American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers  Instruments of Foreign Policy  Actors on the World Stage  The Policymakers 18.1

Instruments of Foreign Policy  Military War, threat of war  Economic Almost as important as war Sanctions, tariffs, regulations  Diplomatic Treaties, summit talks First option 18.1

Iran and the Instruments of Foreign Policy Follow the links….Read the Articles…How have sanctions been used as an instrument of foreign policy? US State Department Iranian Sanctions Iran-U.S. differences over nuclear deal widen Oren Dorell, USA TODAY 4:51 a.m. EDT April 18, and-details-divide-usa-and-iran-on-nuclear-deal/ /

 International organizations United Nations 18.1 Actors on the World Stage

18.1 UN health programs

 Regional organizations NATO, EU  Multinational corporations  Nongovernmental organizations  Terrorists  Individuals 18.1 Actors on the World Stage

The Policymakers  President Chief diplomat/Commander in chief Treaties, executive agreements  Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State Bureaucratic and intransigent  National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of Defense CIA  Congress 18.1

Foreign policy makers 18.1

18.1 Who’s the president’s main foreign policy adviser? a.Secretary of state b.Secretary of defense c.Vice president d.Secretary of war 18.1

18.1 Who’s the president’s main foreign policy adviser? a.Secretary of state b.Secretary of defense c.Vice president d.Secretary of war 18.1

American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War  Isolationism  The Cold War 18.2

Isolationism  Foreign policy doctrine until World War II Monroe Doctrine 18.2

FIGURE 18.1: U.S. military interventions in Central America and the Caribbean since

Isolationism  Foreign policy doctrine until World War II League of Nations United Nations 18.2

The Cold War  Containment Stop spread of communism Brinkmanship Arms race/MAD 18.2

Berlin Wall 18.2

The Cold War  Vietnam War  Era of détente  Reagan rearmament  Final thaw in the Cold War 18.2

Berlin Wall falls 18.2

18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the League of Nations? a.President Wilson refused to sign the treaty b.The U.S. was not invited to join c.The Senate refused to ratify the treaty d.The U.S. did join the League of Nations 18.2

18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the League of Nations? a.President Wilson refused to sign the treaty b.The U.S. was not invited to join c.The Senate refused to ratify the treaty d.The U.S. did join the League of Nations 18.2

Discussion: International Government?? The United Nations grew out of Wilson’s vision of a “League of Nations” that would work in cooperation to mitigate and mediate disputes among sovereign states. –Is such a vision possible among sovereign states?

Video: In Context IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_ForeignDefense_v2.html

American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism  Spread of Terrorism  Afghanistan and Iraq 18.3

Spread of Terrorism  9/11 not first attack  Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die Improved security and intelligence Clash with civil liberties 18.3

Afghanistan and Iraq  U.S. declares war on terrorism  Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea  Nation building  Anti-American sentiments 18.3

18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war on terror? a.Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b.Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c.Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world due to U.S. military action in the Middle East d.All of the above 18.3

18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war on terror? a.Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b.Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c.Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world to due to U.S. military action in the Mid East d.All of the above 18.3

Video: In the Real World IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_ForeignDefense_v2.html

Defense Policy  Defense Spending  Personnel  Weapons  Reforming Defense Policy 18.4

Defense Spending  Guns v. butter Is there a trade-off?  Ideological disputes Where the real guns v. butter battle takes place Peace dividend v. jobs 18.4

FIGURE 18.2: Trends in defense spending 18.4

Personnel  Large standing military 1.4 million active duty 847,000 National Guard and reserves 300,000 deployed abroad National Guard maintains national security 18.4

FIGURE 18.3: Size of the armed forces 18.4

Weapons  Nuclear weapons ICBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles Strategic bombers  Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber $5.5 trillion  Arms reduction treaties 18.4

Nuclear (INF) treaty 18.4

Reforming Defense Policy  Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible Better intelligence Increased use of Special Forces 18.4

18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? a.847,000 b.562,000 c.1.4 million d.1.2 million 18.4

18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? a.847,000 b.562,000 c.1.4 million d.1.2 million 18.4

The New National Security Agenda  Changing Role of Military Power  Nuclear Proliferation  International Economy  Energy  Foreign Aid 18.5

Changing Role of Military Power  Soft power versus hard power  Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary Violate sovereignty Can cost American lives  Economic sanctions Influence behavior without force Cut off aid, trade embargoes Mixed record of success 18.5

Nuclear Proliferation  9 nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel How to prevent more? Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan 18.5

FIGURE 18.4: The spread of nuclear weapons 18.5

The International Economy  Interdependency  International Trade Globalization of financial markets Nontariff barriers to trade  Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us $558 billion deficit in

McDonaldization 18.5

Energy  OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil) Dependence on foreign oil Trade embargo  Middle East controls world’s oil reserves Saudi Arabia 25% Kuwait 10% U.S. imports 50% of oil it uses 18.5

Foreign Aid  Developing world Humanitarian Stabilization Access to raw materials  Forms of foreign aid Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness Military assistance Agricultural assistance Medical care  Unpopular 18.5

18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? a.3% b.5% c.1% d.10% 18.5

18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? a.3% b.5% c.1% d.10% 18.5

Understanding National Security Policymaking  National Security Policymaking and Democracy  National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government 18.6

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_ForeignDefense_v2.html

National Security Policymaking and Democracy  Are international relations undemocratic? Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable Decision makers unelected  Policymakers responsive in long run Democracies rarely go to war Congress holds purse strings Pluralism is pervasive 18.6

Bureaucracy and the Scope of Government  Superpower status War on terror World’s policeman Globalization Global warming  2 million employed in Dept. of Defense 18.6

18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? a.Policymakers not elected b.Public not as knowledgeable c.Congress plays smaller role d.All of the above 18.6

18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? a.Policymakers not elected b.Public not as knowledgeable c.Congress plays smaller role d.All of the above 18.6

Discussion Questions How has national security policy evolved since World War II? What effects did the end of the Cold War and the commencement of the war on terrorism have on national security policy? 18

Video: So What? 18 IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch18_National_Security_ Policymaking_Seg6_v2.html