POLICE HISTORY Chapter 1

Early History In the 8 th and 9 th centuries, kings went to war with other kingdoms. While at war, they had to assure stability at home, so King Alfred the Great established a system of MUTUAL PLEDGE MUTUAL PLEDGE- A form of community self protection developed by King Alfred the Great in 9 th century England

MUTUAL PLEDGE The lowest level of self protection was the TITHING (a group of 10 families) 10 TITHINGS (100 families) were grouped into a HUNDRED Large groups of families (hundreds) in a geographic location was known as a SHIRE (or county)

shire-reeve - early English official placed in charge of shires as part of the system of mutual pledge. This position evolved into our concept of sheriff. Sheriff – Lead law enforcer in a rural area or county. 77 Counties in Oklahoma

What is a Constable? Constable – Considered the first form of English police officer. Constables were responsible for dealing with serious breaches of the law. The office of constable dates back at least to 1066 and the Norman Conquest of England. William the Conqueror appointed constables to supervise individual communities, or boroughs. A constable's duties varied considerably in different circumstances and times. They were often similar to those of a sheriff, who supervised a shire (the equivalent of a county). Over time, however, as sheriffs were given increasing administrative duties, constables assumed primary responsibility for local law enforcement.

The Constable The office of constable had been transplanted to the British colonies in North America by the mid-seventeenth century, and with it continued the divergence between constable and sheriff. In America as in England, the main qualification for the office of sheriff was "that he be of sufficient estate." This limited the choices for sheriff to a relatively small and elite group of planters in each county. As a result, few sheriffs had either the ability or desire to serve warrants or bring offenders to justice. Consequently, the constable and justice of the peace were about the only law and order most rural American settlers ever saw.

The Winchester Statute in England formed the first Criminal Justice system which had 4 parts: The Watch and Ward – a primitive form of policing which required all men to serve as night watch in their towns Hue & Cry – yells to summons assistance The Parish Constable Required all males to keep weapons in their homes for the use of maintaining public peace

The Watch and Ward Watchmen had 3 primary functions patrolling the streets from dusk until dawn lighting street lamps, clearing garbage from streets, putting out fires enforcing criminal laws

THIEF TAKERS - 17 th Century private citizens with no official status, paid by the king per criminal captured: BOUNTY HUNTERS

Bow Street Runners Henry Fielding-Chief Magistrate of Bow Street England Bow Street Runners

Sir Robert Peel In 1828, Sir Robert Peel drafted the first police bill, the Metropolitan Police Act. Bobbies This act established the first large-scale, uniformed, organized paid, civilian police force in London. Founder of Modern Policing

Peel’s Nine Principles – Basic guidelines created by Sir Robert Peel, for the London Metropolitan Police in The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. 2.The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. 3.Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the law.

4.The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionally to the necessity of the use of force. 5.Police seek and preserve public favor not by catered public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. 6.Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. 7.Police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition; the Police are the public and the public are the police. The police being only full time individuals charged with the duties that are incumbent on all of the citizens.

8.Police should always direct their actions strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. 9.The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. Beat system – The London Metropolitan Police were organized around the “beat system” whereby officers were assigned to relatively small permanent posts and were expected to become familiar with the community within their “beat” making the officer a part of the neighborhood life.

American Policing In 1631 Boston created the first colonial night watch. In 1658 paid watchmen took over patrolling NYC FIRST paid daylight operating police force was formed in Philadelphia NYPD was created Rogues’ galleries Mulberry Street Morning Parade Criminal Investigation Department (CID) was created in Scotland Yard. The need for centralized control of police to reform for corruption has been a recurring them in law enforcement.

Pinkerton Allan Pinkerton became Chicago’s first detective in 1849 Reliable detectives were needed because corruption in police departments was common, and the investigative abilities of city detectives were limited due to jurisdictional boundaries. In 1850, Pinkerton formed his private detective agency with Chicago attorney Edward Bucker. Uncovering an assassination attempt on President Elect Lincoln on his way to his inauguration speech in Baltimore. After the outbreak of war in 1861, he established the Secret Service Division within the Army working closely with Union General George McClellan.

Pinkerton Pinkerton emerged as an exceptional national investigator unimpeded by jurisdictional boundaries.

State and Federal Agencies Congress created the U.S. Secret Service Agency to combat counterfeiting Two years after President McKinley was assassinated, the informal job of guarding the President became a permanent assignment of the Secret Service 1920-At the start of Prohibition, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, within the Department of Treasury (T-Men), were responsible for enforcing the law against alcohol consumption and sales.

F.B.I U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte created the predecessor of what would later become the F.B.I. in order for federal investigations to be handled by a specially trained group of investigators J. Edgar Hoover became director of the F.B.I. establishing high moral standards and conduct within the F.B.I. to combat corruption and insure efficiency in federal investigation, information gathering, records keeping and publicity just as Pinkerton did on a national level Congress passed a measure giving the F.B.I. its current designation.

Anthropometry Bertillon Measurements Every human body different in exact measurements 11 measurements taken of the human body, approximately 1 in 4 million chance of someone with same measurements

Dactylography 1893-Edward Henry 1894 Juan Vucetich

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) First DNA typing in a criminal case performed in England in the Lynda Mann rape and murder case First U.S. DNA typing case in Orlando Florida rape case involving suspect Tommie Andrews FBI established the first public sector DNA analysis laboratory in the U.S.

DEA International Hague Conference called for action against illicit drugs A separate Narcotics Bureau was established with the Treasury Department Narcotics Bureau was consolidated under the Department of Justice as the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs The Bureau became the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) with the responsibility of fighting international drug trafficking.