Suburbanization and Urban Components Mr. Keller APHG 2011

Urban Components -CBD (central business district): location of skyscrapers and companies (would always be the center of the 3 urban models, many people commute, few actually live there) -Central city: urban area that is not suburban; generally the older or original city surrounded by the newer suburbs. -Inner city: urban area around the CBD; typically poorer and more run down in the US and other long-developed states; typically more rich upscale in less-developed states. -Ghetto: inner cities that become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out of the suburbs (white flight) and immigrants and poorer people vie for scarce jobs and resources. -

Urban Components Suburb: residential communities, located outside of city centers; usually homogeneous in terms of population and ethnicity. -Exurb: ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area; began to emerge in the 1970s when rampant crime and urban decay (when part of a city falls into disrepair - due to deindustrialization, depopulation, high unemployment,...) in U.S. cities were the primary push factors; more recently since house prices have skyrocketed, middle-class people who want a large yard or farm are pushed beyond suburban counties and into “exurbs”.

Urban Geography – Urban Systems

John Borchert Recognized four epochs in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation & communication: 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch ( ) – associated with low technology 2) Iron Horse Epoch ( ); steam-powered locomotive & spreading rails 3) Steel-Rail Epoch ( ); full impact of Ind. Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch ( ); gas-powered internal combustion engine High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion of service & information industries (not part of Borchert’s model)

U.S. Urban Growth Stages

Changes in Cities in the U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs : suburbanization and counterurbanization U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s. Developed Countries: suburbanization  wealthy move to suburbs  automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’  better services  wealthy move to suburbs counterurbanization  idyllic settings  cost of land for retirement  slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets

Inner Cities – White Flight Inner-city physical problems – – Deterioration process – – Urban renewal Inner-city social problems – – Underclass – – Culture of poverty – – Blockbusting – – Redlining

Urban Sprawl and Response Urban sprawl: process of expansive suburban development over large areas; the automobile provides the primary source of transportation. Smart Growth and New Urbanism: urban design originating in the US during the 1980s to work against sprawl; characterized by organized urban planning, suburban infill (filling in unused space), and are designed to be walkable. (Celebration, Florida)

onlinegeography.wikispaces.com/S+-+Urban+Sprawl

The development of suburbs in North American metropolitan areas has greatly accelerated since the 1950s and 1960s. How have the following contributed to this acceleration. (1) Transportation (2) Housing production (3) Landscape preference (4) Social and demographic trends Suburbanization Question

Definition Movement of upper and middle-class people from core areas to surrounding outskirts. The process began in the mid-nineteenth century but became a mass phenomenon in the late-twentieth century. Movement of upper and middle-class people from core areas to surrounding outskirts. The process began in the mid-nineteenth century but became a mass phenomenon in the late-twentieth century. Critical elements Critical elements Social stratification Social stratification Long history dating from railroad and streetcar suburbs Long history dating from railroad and streetcar suburbs Phenomenon of the masses since 1950s Phenomenon of the masses since 1950s

Why is this a significant geographic question? Post-War suburbanization represents a huge change in the distribution of the nation’s population. Post-War suburbanization represents a huge change in the distribution of the nation’s population.

The U. S. suburban population grew from 26.7% in 1950 to 49.8% in 2000.

Levittown, NY qg&feature=related

Levittown, NY 30 houses a day & still couldn’t keep up with demand 30 houses a day & still couldn’t keep up with demand Mass production and non-union labor used Mass production and non-union labor used Houses sold for $7,990 and could be bought with a $90 deposit and $58 monthly payment Houses sold for $7,990 and could be bought with a $90 deposit and $58 monthly payment

Post WWII Before the war, education and home ownership were considered unattainable for many average Americans Before the war, education and home ownership were considered unattainable for many average Americans GI Bill – 2.4 million home loans backed by the Veterans Administration GI Bill – 2.4 million home loans backed by the Veterans Administration

Why is this a significant geographic question? Post-War suburbanization represents a huge change in the distribution of the nation’s population. Post-War suburbanization represents a huge change in the distribution of the nation’s population. It has important consequences for how society uses its land resource. It has important consequences for how society uses its land resource.

Phoenix as a case study. Suburbanization is a land-hungry process.

Suburbanization as a mass phenomenon after 1950.

Phoenix grew by 1 million between 1990 and 2000.

Why is this a significant geographic question? Post-War suburbanization represents a huge change in the distribution of the nation’s population. Post-War suburbanization represents a huge change in the distribution of the nation’s population. It has important consequences for how society uses its land resource. It has important consequences for how society uses its land resource. It is the physical manifestation of changes in economy, society, and culture. It is the physical manifestation of changes in economy, society, and culture.

Transportation Freeways and transport corridors increased accessibility of the suburbs. (Co-Op City) Freeways and transport corridors increased accessibility of the suburbs. (Co-Op City) Critical link between transportation technology and urban form -- 4 stages of urban development -- Critical link between transportation technology and urban form -- 4 stages of urban development --(1) pedestrian and horsecar travel from 1800 to 1890, (2) electric streetcars between 1890 and 1920, (3) recreational automobiles between 1920 and 1950, and (4) freeways from 1950 to present.

Car Culture – 1950s AS4CfQ&feature=related ZvoHwk&feature=related Diners, Motels and drag races The Impact of the intestate?

57’ Chevy BelAir 57’ Chevy BelAir

4 stages of urban transportation development

Suburbs evolved from “sub” “urbs” to freestanding, self-sufficient entities. Joel Garreau – Edge Cities

Mass production of housing- housing supply issues Housing was produced by large developers on large tracts of cheap land. 70% of new homes were constructed by 10% of builders. Housing was produced by large developers on large tracts of cheap land. 70% of new homes were constructed by 10% of builders. Mass produced styles made housing cheaper and more affordable. Mass produced styles made housing cheaper and more affordable. Post-war mortgage programs. FHA and VA loans guaranteed creditors security on their loans by reducing down payments and extending repayment period. Post-war mortgage programs. FHA and VA loans guaranteed creditors security on their loans by reducing down payments and extending repayment period. Homeownership increased from 43.6% in 1940 to 65.5% in Homeownership increased from 43.6% in 1940 to 65.5% in 2000.

American Dream

Landscape preferences – housing demand issues Jeffersonian democracy fostered a powerful rural ideal. Cities were a necessary evil. Urge to make them as non-city-like as possible. Jeffersonian democracy fostered a powerful rural ideal. Cities were a necessary evil. Urge to make them as non-city-like as possible. 18 th Century French traveler, Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur summarized American cultural values: 18 th Century French traveler, Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur summarized American cultural values: Love of newness Love of newness Desire to be near nature Desire to be near nature Freedom to move Freedom to move Competitive urge Competitive urge Sense of destiny Sense of destiny Suburbs are portrayed in the 1950s media as the ideal American lifestyle -- Leave it to Beaver and Father Knows Best. Suburbs are portrayed in the 1950s media as the ideal American lifestyle -- Leave it to Beaver and Father Knows Best.

Leave it to Beaver ( ) The Cleavers lived in the generic suburb of Mayfield.

Father Knows Best ( ) The Andersons lived in Springfield.

How about other late 20 th, early 21 st century TV shows? Friends – New York City Friends – New York City Seinfeld – New York City Seinfeld – New York City South Park – Denver South Park – Denver Gilmore Girls, Everwood – mythical small town ideal Gilmore Girls, Everwood – mythical small town ideal Simpsons – Springfield Simpsons – Springfield Smallville – the middle of nowhere? Kansas Smallville – the middle of nowhere? Kansas

Social and demographic trends High fertility of the baby boom era raised the demand for housing. High fertility of the baby boom era raised the demand for housing. Large families demanded large homes. Large families demanded large homes. The nuclear family replaced the extended family as the ideal. The nuclear family replaced the extended family as the ideal. Prevailing model of male breadwinner and women as homemakers. Suburban location gave them home, garden, and automobile – cult of domesticity. Prevailing model of male breadwinner and women as homemakers. Suburban location gave them home, garden, and automobile – cult of domesticity.

Fertility peaks at 3.77 in 1957.

Married women as homemakers in the 1950s.

Problems of Suburbs The peripheral model The peripheral model Density gradient Density gradient Cost of suburban sprawl Cost of suburban sprawl Suburban segregation Suburban segregation Transportation and suburbanization Transportation and suburbanization Motor vehicles Motor vehicles Public transportation Public transportation Local government fragmentation Local government fragmentation Metropolitan government Metropolitan government Growing smart Growing smart

Conclusions Between 1950 and 2000, the U.S. became a suburban nation. 50% of population lives in suburbs. Between 1950 and 2000, the U.S. became a suburban nation. 50% of population lives in suburbs. Growth of suburbs reveals societal forces – transportation technology, residential preferences, housing policy, and demographic change. Growth of suburbs reveals societal forces – transportation technology, residential preferences, housing policy, and demographic change.

Discussion Questions What are the consequences of mass suburbanization for N. American society? What are the consequences of mass suburbanization for N. American society? Plight of central cities Plight of central cities Urban sprawl Urban sprawl Social fragmentation Social fragmentation Local, state, and national politics Local, state, and national politics Will the trend toward suburbanization continue? Think about the forces that created mass suburbanization. Will they continue? Will the trend toward suburbanization continue? Think about the forces that created mass suburbanization. Will they continue?

US Megapolitan Areas

Megalopolis Fig. 13-4: The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

Megalopolis/Conurbation Illustrates the difference between strict city proper definitions and broader urban agglomerations. To define urbanized areas, the U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Consolidated MSA (CMSA) if two of them overlap.