Day 1

Ancient Greece Prologue, Section 1

Greek Religion Polytheistic: –Belief in many gods –City-states worshipped different gods For Example –Athens – Athena (Wisdom) –Sparta – Nike (Victory) Athena God of Wisdom

Athens Builds a Limited Democracy Government = system for controlling the society –Each City-State had its own style of government

Types of Government 1.Monarchy: single person rules with total power 2.Aristocracy: government ruled by group of nobles families 3.Oligarchy: government ruled by a few powerful people 4.Democracy: rule of the people at large Greeks created the first democracy in history for an entire country…

DIRECT DEMOCRACY –Citizens make rules and laws –Do not elect representatives to make decisions for them

Greek Philosophers Fourth Century BC Men use logic/reason to explain universe –Universe is put together in orderly way, w/absolute laws –People can understand laws with logic and reason

Socrates Father of Philosophy –Students examine most closely held beliefs –Q&A, ask questions for student to arrive at answer called Socratic Method Used by teachers everywhere –Found guilty of corrupting youth Put to death –Hemlock (poison) “Death of Socrates” 1787

Plato –Student of Socrates –Founded Academy (School) –Wrote the Republic: Laws rule society, not men Democracy eventually lead to tyranny Best govt. one ruled by “Philosopher King”

Aristotle Student of Plato Examined nature of the world, thought, belief, and knowledge Wrote Politics –“Man is by nature a political animal; it is his nature to live in a state”

Legacy of Greece Set standards in government and philosophy Natural Laws: –Patterns of the world Direct Democracy: –People have the power to rule Three branches of government –Executive –Legislative –Judicial

Rome Develops a Republic –REPUBLIC Citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them Free born males could elect representatives

Republican Government: –Senate: Elected officials, usually patricians, or wealthy –Assemblies: Made of common people –Also allowed for a dictator (person with total power) in times of crisis: –System lasted for 100s of years, expanded the republic throughout Europe

Roman Law Needed system of law to control the conquered people –Rule of Law: Laws based on Reason: Capacity for logical, rational and analytical thought

Written Legal Code 528 AD –Emperor Justinian divides Roman law into 4 works: 1.The Code: Laws est. pre ,000 written laws 2.The Digest: Summary of legal opinions 3.The Institutes: Text book for law students 4.The Novellae: Laws passed after 534 “Government of Laws, not of Men” U.S. Supreme Court Building

Roman Religion Adopted many Greek gods –polytheistic Spread monotheistic Religion in 2 ways: 1.Indirect AD 70 - Jews expelled from Empire, spread beliefs all over the world 2.Direct Hostile towards Christians in beginning Emperor Constantine 312 AD

Legacy of Rome: –Republic –Individual was a citizen, not subject of a ruler –Written Legal Code - applied equally to ALL people –First to adopt Christianity as official religion

Judaism & Christian Tradition Prologue Section 2

SETTING THE STAGE Judaism, Christianity and Islam Shaped Democratic Traditions 1. Monotheistic: belief in one God 2. Small Corner of SW Asia 3. Worth of Individuals 4. Responsibility of individuals to the community * Led to ideas about value of individual and challenging authority (During the Renaissance and Reformation)

Hebrews or Jews Monotheistic- (One God) Who was All-, Knowing, All Powerful, and Eternal. Hebrews- A Felt Moral Life is Gods Wish. Most other groups around Hebrews were Polytheistic- Performed rituals and sacrifices. In Honor of Their Many Gods.

Judaism Torah: –1800 BC. –Hebrew bible (Old Testament) –Made of 5 books Man is created in God’s Image – Individuals have value, unique Made from god (Divine Spark = Dignity that can not be taken) (Greeks and Romans had Dignity due to ability to reason)

Jewish Law Man has moral freedom Reason: Capacity for logical, rational and analytical thought Use reason to choose between right and wrong

Ten Commandments Jewish Law – BC –Written code of Law given to Moses Focused on morality and ethics, NOT on politics Social and religious behavior that even the rulers were subject to

1-4 –Morality: mans relationship with god –Ethics: mans relationship with fellow man.

Christianity Jesus Christ –Began Teaching around the age of 30 –Many ideas from Jewish tradition ( monotheism, and 10 commandments) Born around 4AD –Jew and a Roman subject –Taught about God’s relationship to the individual

New Testament –Encompasses teachings of Jesus and his disciples Love for: 1.God 2.neighbors 3.family 4.enemies 5.and yourself –Christians refer to the Torah as the “Old Testament”. The Teachings of Christianity

Legacy of Monotheistic Religions Duty of the individual and community to combat oppression. The worth of the individual. Equality of people before God.

Day 2

Scientific Revolution In the Mid-1500s,Scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation.

Roots of Modern Science AD –Middle Ages What is true or false came from –Greek –Romans –Bible –Comes from Aristotle and reinforced by Christianity Geocentric theory: earth is the center of the universe

Revolutionary Model of the Universe Heliocentric Theory: developed by Nicolaus Copernicus –(1543) Book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies Stars, earth and planets revolve around the sun –Other scientists built on this foundation –Johannes Kepler (Elliptical movement) Nicolaus Copernicus ( )

Galileo Galilei Builds 1 st telescope to study astronomy in 1609 –1632 Book: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Finding supports Copernican theory 1633 stands trial before the Pope Under threat of torture states Copernicus’s finding were false Remained under house arrest until his death in 1642 Galileo Galilei ( )

Sir Isaac Newton Brought together breakthroughs of past scientists –Established the laws of gravity –Laws of universe can be expressed through mathematics –God was the creator of this universe Sir Isaac Newton ( )

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD LOGICAL PROCEDURE FOR GATHERING AND TESTING IDEAS Question( From Observation) Hypothesis (Unproven Assumption) Test (Experiment) Analyze (Interpret Data) Conclusion

Enlightenment Enlightenment: Intellectual movement where principles of reason and science are applied to: 1.Govt. 2.Religion 3.Econ. 4.Education Stressed the power of the individual to solve problems Establishes the foundation for the birth of modern democracy

1.Thomas Hobbes –(1651) Leviathan People are selfish/wicked and ambitious. For security people give power to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order –Social Contract: people submit to authoritarian ruler to prevent disorder Best government—Absolute Monarchy **Established that govt. power comes from the people** Two English Views of Government Thomas Hobbes

2.John Locke –(1690) Two Treatises of Government Natural Rights: born with the rights to life, liberty, and property Govt. fundamental duty is to protect the “natural rights” of the people –People have the right to rebel if govt. does not protect these rights John Locke

Philosophes: –social critics –Developed ideas, theories –not revolutionaries –3 Long Term Effects 1.Belief in progress through reason 2.A more secular (non religious) outlook 3.Importance of the individual (individualism) The French Philosophes Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Voltaire –French Historian, wrote political essays, philosophy, and drama –Used satire to undermine opponents: Monarchy Aristocracy Clergy –Argued in favor of tolerance, freedom of religion, and free speech Voltaire “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Baron de Montesquieu Separation of Powers: divide govt. into 3 branches to safeguard liberty 1.Legislature: makes laws 2.Executive: enforces laws 3.Judicial: interprets laws –Influenced by British govt., would become known as “checks and balances” (U.S. Constitution). –**Kept any individual person or group from gaining total control.** “Power should be a check to power” Baron de Montesquieu

Jean-Jacques Rousseau –Advocate of individual freedom –(1762) Social Contract Social Contract: an agreement among free individuals to create a govt. and society that responds to the peoples will Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Beginnings of Democracy in America 1754 French and Indian War –Britain and France fight for control N. America French loose as usual 1765 Stamp Act –Passed by Britain to help pay for British soldiers in N. America –Colonists viewed this as a violation of their British rights “No taxation without representation” Housing British soldiers in colonist homes

(1776) Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas Jefferson - Based on ideas of Locke’s ( Natural Rights) and the Enlightenment Unalienable rights- the govt. can not take away Government- must protect rights of the people Lists King George III’s abuses to justify rebellion Thomas Jefferson ( )

James Madison Known as the “father” of the constitution. –Spent 1 year preparing for convention –Designed the 3 branches of govt. and checks and balances. –Kept detailed records of the debates in during convention. James Madison

The Bill of Rights –1 st 10 amendments of the Constitution Protect individual freedoms of citizens from the govt. Put Enlightenment ideas into practice –Individual used reason and reform to settle disputes

1787 Constitutional Convention –Govt. power and responsibility should be shared and balanced 1.Representative Govt.: citizens elect reps to make laws for them (Rousseau, Romans) 2.Federal System: powers of govt. are divided between central govt. and states 3.Separation of Powers: Govt. power divided among executive, legislative, and judicial (Montesquieu) –Checks and Balances: prevents any branch from having to much power over any other branch (James Madison 1787 Constitutional Convention

4.Economic Troubles High taxes = Govt. taking a lot of $ from Businesses Crop failures = starving poor Price of bread doubles = starving poor - what are the three things people need to survive? French Bread Riots

1700s –France is the most advanced country in Europe Center of the Enlightenment But: –Major internal issues –Bad harvests, high food prices, and high taxes – France influenced by Enlightenment thinkers’ (Rousseau, Voltaire, etc.)

The Old Regime French society divided into 3 classes, called ESTATES. –1 st Estate: CLERGY (1%) –2 nd Estate: NOBLES (2%) –3 rd Estate: EVERYONE ELSE (97%) Including: –Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) »bankers, lawyers, doctors –Peasants: »farmers, laborers, servants, etc.

Day 3

5.A Weak Leader- ( Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette) - Young 19 years old - Austrian Wife/ bossy (did not like Louis) * Spent $$$ helping Americans in Rev. Huge palaces, elaborate dress Indecisive France goes broke King Louis XVI Marie Antoinette

2 nd Estate OUTRAGED! Louis Wanted to Raise $$$ by taxing 2nd Estate (Nobles: Remember they have not been Taxed) 2nd Estate calls for meeting of three Estates, called ESTATES GENERAL. 1st of its kind in 175 yrs

3rd Estate breaks off Form their own representative govt. called NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1 st and 2 nd Estate lock out 3rd Estate from Estates General.

Acts of Revolution 1 st Act of Revolution: –TENNIS COURT OATH –National Assembly meets across the street, on a tennis court to: (Draws up new constitution) 2 nd Act: –STORMING THE BASTILLE –National Assembly needs to defend itself against King –Took over a prison to get guns and gunpowder –Symbolic act of Revolution –Violence begun

3rd Act: –GREAT FEAR: violence and change all over the country –King arrested with his family

The Assembly Reforms France National Assembly, n declare: 1.All citizens (men) of France EQUAL. 2.Declaration of the Rights of Man New document written Copied from US Dec. of Ind. *Protect the rights of the people. –Freedom of speech, religion, equal rights, etc. –DID NOT ADDRESS WOMEN

Problems within society plague govt. –Govt. debt, food shortages 3 new political groups form within Legislative Assembly: 1.Radicals (Jacobins): lots of change, no king 2.Moderates: small changes 3.Conservatives: don’t change anything! We like the king.

War and Execution Other Kings in Europe feared the Revolution –Feared democracy would spread Austria and Prussia demand Louis XVI be returned to throne –France declares war April 1792 France suffers, but defends itself Prussian forces march toward Paris 20,000 Parisians storm Kings palace, kill guards, imprison royal family Prussia France

Jacobins execute the King –Use the guillotine War still continues –Great Britain, Spain, Holland join against French –National Convention drafts 300,000 men to fight French Guillotine

Terror Grips France Max Robespierre (Jacobin) takes power in National Convention (1792) Forms 2 Groups: 1.Republic of Virtue: eliminate all traces of old governments Closed churches, new calendar, no Sundays Monarchy abolished

2.Committee of Public Safety Executes 40,000 people who are against the Republic of Virtue, or are suspected. –This period called the REIGN OF TERROR Queen executed Robespierre accuses many Jacobins (enemies of the State) Queen Leading Up To Execution

End of the Terror Robespierre executed by his own people New government formed (take #3) 1794 –Directory 5 male leaders Corrupt Two houses of legislature Appoint Napoleon Bonaparte as general (oops)

Coup d’Etat ( How he came to power) New govt. (Directory) was not working in 1799 Returned to Paris Surrounds National Legislature with his army Coup d’Etat- Quick military takeover –Runs off most of the members –Those who remained dissolve directory

Napoleon Forges an Empire Chapter 7.3 Pgs

Napoleon’s Reforms (How he strengthened the French government) 1.NAPOLEONIC CODE: **Most Important** One set of laws for everyone Promoted order, authority over individual rights –Restricted free speech and press, –Why? (Strength and Weakness)

First Consul to Emperor (1804) Napoleon makes himself Emperor –Voters support this (WHY?) –While the Pope is crowning Napoleon, Napoleon took the crown from the Pope, put it on his own head What does this mean? Emperor Napoleon

Battle of Trafalgar –Plan to attack GB by naval battle Bad move. Britain is the worlds dominant naval power GB able to take about half the French Fleet France never threatens GB again 1812 – Extent of Napoleon’s empire –Napoleon controls all of Europe (except GB) –13 years to conquer or make alliances with entire CONTINENT.

Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes 1. The Continental System –Cannot defeat GB, make them suffer economically ($$$) and make Europe more self-sufficient –Set up BLOCKADE Block all goods from getting into GB, and no GB goods imported to Europe Naval Blockade

Biggest Mistake #3 The Invasion of Russia (1812) –Russia did not stop trading with GB –Czar (leader) wanted to expand into Poland –Napoleon invades with 420,000

Napoleon’s Downfall Loss in Russia weakens Napoleon –All of his enemies unite to attack him –By 1814, Prussia and Russia march into Paris –Napoleon surrenders his empire Banished to the island of Elba (1814) Europeans sweeping Napoleon back to France.

Napoleon’s Final Battle –British and Prussians attack defeat Napoleon at Waterloo (Belgium) –Exiled to island of St. Helena BY HIMSELF. Off African Coast Dies in 1821

Metternich’s Plan for Europe Most decisions made by: “power players” 1.Russia 2.Prussia 3.Austria 4.GB 5.France –All are Monarchies, and want to stay Monarchies. How?

Klemens von Metternich –Austrian leader –Most influential of the group –Three goals in his “plan” 1.Contain France so they can not cause any problems 2.Balance of Power among all Euro nations including France 3.Legitimacy, if possible leaders who were dethroned by Napoleon should be restored to power.

Alliances: 1.Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria –Protect one another no matter what 2.Concert of Europe: all other countries –Built by Metternich in his PLAN.

Day 4

Industrial Revolution: –Refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the mid 1770’s.

Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way After purchasing land, wealthy land owners begin to fence in land, known as enclosures. Two consequences: 1.Experiment’s with more productive seeding and harvesting methods boost crop yields 2.Large landowners force small ones to either: a.Become tenant farmers b.Give up farming and move to cities to work in factories Seed Drill

Science in farming –(1701) Jethro Tull (Not the band) Farmer Invents seed drill that “sowed” seeds in well spaced rows at specific depths –Crop Rotation Crops are rotated from season to season to allow soil nutrients to be replenished –Farmers begin to only allow best Livestock to breed average weight for lambs climbs from 18 to 50 lbs. Crop Rotation

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? England had: 1.A large population 2.Extensive natural resources Both necessary for Industrialization: –Process of developing machine production of goods Evils of Industrialization

Natural Resources needed: 1.Coal to fuel new machines 2.Iron ore to make tools, machines 3.Rivers for inland transportation 4.Natural harbors for merchant ships 5.Water power British advanced banking system allows: –Bank loans allow owners to invest in new technology to become more efficient –Wealthy to invest in developing industries Coal/Iron Ore Investment/Bank Loans

No wars are fought on British soil, provides security England has all factors of production: 1.Land 2.Labor 3.Capital (wealth)

Inventions Spur Industrialization Cotton Industry –John Kay (1733) “flying shuttle” –Doubled the output of cotton –James Hargreaves (1764) “spinning jenny” –Allows one worker to spin eight instead of one thread –Richard Arkwright (1769) “water frame” –**Water power replaces man power** Spinning Jenny Water Frame

–Samuel Crompton (1779) “Spinning Mule” combines spinning jenny and water frame. Thread is made stronger, finer, more consistent –Eli Whitney (U.S. 1793) “Cotton Gin” removed seeds from raw cotton American cotton production jumps from 1.5 to 85 million lbs. Newly invented machines were bulky and expensive –Spinning and weaving taken out of home and moved into factories. 1 st factories built near streams for water power Spinning Mule American Cotton Production

Setting the Stage Industrial Revolution affected all parts of life in Great Britain. –Change to machine production caused human suffering Unhealthy work conditions Pollution Child Labor Class tensions especially between the working and middle class.

Industrial Cities Rise In England After 1800 population balance shifts toward cities Most urban areas double in population –Known as urbanization: City building and the movement of people to cities Farms to Cities

Living Conditions Because England's cities grew so rapidly Cities don’t have: –Urban development plans –Sanitary codes –Building codes –Consequences? Inadequate: –Housing –Education –Police Working Class Housing

Factories –Most not well lit –Moving parts of machines exposed Workers lose limbs –Boilers would explode –No govt. aid in case of injury Coal Mines –Conditions damp –Breathing of coal dust shorten workers lives by 10 years Kids in Mines

Industrial Development in the U.S. U.S. has same resources as England, allows us to mechanize: (The use of machines in place of manual labor or the use of animals) –River system –Coal and iron –Labor supplied by farm workers, immigrants War of

Mill Girls –Women begin to flock from farms to factory towns –Higher wages, independence –Watched closely both inside/outside of factory Why? –12 hrs a day, 6 days a week –Alternative for women was : Servant Lowell Massachusetts Mill Girls

Rise of Corporations Large companies require a great deal of money Entrepreneur: Organizer, operator of Corp. Sells stock to raise $ for business –Stock: Individual shares of company –In essence become part owner of company, shareholder –Corporation: Owned by shareholders: –Share in profits, not personally responsible for company debts –Corporations able to raise money necessary to purchase industrial equipment

Large corporations form: –Standard Oil Owned by John D. Rockefeller –Carnegie Steel Company Owned by Andrew Carnegie Become known as Big Business –Sought to control entire industry to maximize profits Rockefeller) Carnegie Big Business Today

Impact of Industrialization Begins to shift balance of power: –Economics –Military –Politics Increases competition –Nations compete for resources Less developed nations become impoverished –Africa –South America

Economic Philosophies Laissez-Faire Economics: –“let people do as they please” Hands Off! –Want free market, no govt. interference Owners set working conditions –No minimum wage –No minimum workday Competition regulates product pricing” –What are some problems with this theory? Who do the people represent?

Capitalism Private Ownership Private Control Private planning

Socialism Govt. Ownership Govt. Control Govt. Planning

Marxism –( ) Karl Marx –Communist Manifesto Society organized into 2 classes (during 1800’s) 1.Bourgeoisie: middle class, the “haves” 2.Proletariat: lower class, the “have-nots” Ind. Rev. made the rich (owners) richer, poor (workers) poorer ( ) Karl Marx

Marxism PLAN * Workers overthrow the rich (Capitalist Class) –Start a government of the people “dictatorship of the proletariat” –Share everything –After period of cooperative living, and EDUCATION, govt. would cease to exist. Only a classless society would remain

Communism –Marxism’s final phase –Total Socialism Everything controlled by the people Everyone is educated No private businesses No government People own and share everything No classes No Religion –**Communist Manifesto inspires Lenin, Mao, and Fidel Castro** Is this true? By pirating music, are you a communist?

Day 5

–1800’s European nations begin to create colonies in Africa They needed: –Natural resources to feed factories –Spread Euro culture, to open new markets –Spread religion (Christianity ) Traditional Ethnic Boundaries

Setting the Stage IMPERIALISM: Seizure of one country or territory by a stronger country Africans provide no consent of take over –Often African workers are not paid –Free trade with new market –Cultural Domination England’s Empire

Imperialism Definitions Exploitation- To use someone for profit.$ (Africans in diamond mines) Colonies- Any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power.

Inventions Allow Europe Access to Africa Mid 1800’s –Steam powered river boats give Euro access to Africa’s interior Advances in military VS

Forces Driving Imperialism Europeans felt they were superior –Social Darwinism: Euros were better, because they possessed better technology. Duty to bring white man’s culture to Africa to “save” them. –Wanted to westernize –Racism: Belief that one race is superior to others. ( )Charles Darwin Wrote, On the Origin of Species

Nationalism –More colonies = more pride –Countries become determined control more of the world Spread Christianity Christian Nationalism

Forms of Control 4 Types of Control 1.Colony: Country controlled by foreign power –Britain/South Africa 2.Protectorate: Country w/ own Govt., but controlled by outside power –Britain/Niger River 3.Sphere of Influence: Specific trading arrangement with outside country –US/Liberia 4.Economic Imperialism: Independent country controlled by a business –Dole Fruit Company/Hawaii

Nationalism: Unity or Disunity? Nationalism fuels building of: Nation states/countries –Loyal to “their” people not kings. –Unite under single nationality, ancestry (common history) –Unite under common language –Defend the state at all costs

Ottovan Bismarck 1862 –Bismarck becomes Prime Minister of Prussia –W/ king’s approval, rules w/o consent of parliament Manufactures “incidents” gain a unified Germany –Master of real-politik: “the politics of reality” –Will unite German speaking persons by any means necessary

Beginning of the Great War 4 factors lead to war –Nationalism –Militarism –Imperialism –Alliances

Triple Alliance 1881 Germany Austria Italy 1881 Bismarck negotiates treaty between Germany and Russia Italy Germany Austria

Triple Entente 1907 Great Britain France Russia Great Britain France

Shot Rings Throughout Europe Franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian throne goes to Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) Black Hand – secret society for the independence of all Serbs 1 st Assassination Attempt via Grenade Franz Ferdinand attends reception at Town Hall Franz Ferdinand

Nations Take Sides Triple Entente/Allies 1.Great Britain 2.France 3.Russia 4.Japan 5.Italy Flips sides, accuses former allies of unjust war Triple Alliance /Central Powers 1.Germany 2.Austria-Hungary 3.Bulgaria 4.Ottoman Empire

A Bloody Stalemate (Tie) Germany develops battle strategy Schlieffen Plan –Named after designer Alfred Graf von Schlieffen –Attack and defeat France in west then rush east to fight Russia Thought Russia’s old railroad systems would slow down supplies –German leaders – “Need a quick victory over France” N

Trench Warfare By early 1915 opposing armies on the Western Front dug miles of trenches to protect from enemy fire = Trench Warfare. No Man’s Land = Between Trenches Western Front becomes known as “terrain of death” Soldiers in trenches had 66 lbs. strapped to back.

America Joins The Fight unrestricted submarine warfare *Jan Germany announces its subs would sink ships without warning. German U-boats

U.S. intercepts Zimmerman Note from Germany to Mexico –Germany would help Mexico “ reconquer ” the land it lost to U.S. if Mexico allied with Germany

Conclusion Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and Alliances Assassination- ignites alliance system New technology= death destruction and stalemates A new participant in the war will turn the tables

Setting the Stage: Paris Peace Conference. January 1919 –32 countries, led by the Allied Powers, struggle to solve their conflicting aims in creating a “lasting” peace! Paris Peace Conference. Russian City

The Fourteen Points: –Crafted by Wilson –#1-4 End to secret treaties Freedom of the seas Free trade Military reductions –#5 Adjusting of colonial claims –**Fairness towards colonial peoples** –#6-13 Suggestions for creation of new nations –#14 Creation of League of Nations –Like the UN (United Nations) –Goal was to keep peace **Woodrow Wilson Self Determination: Allowing people to decide for themselves want govt. they wished to live under