1. Enlightenment to Revolutions
New Philosophies
And the
American and French Revolutions

2. New Philosophies John Locke Thomas Hobbes People have natural rights
Government works for the people
If government fails than the people can overthrow the government
Thomas Hobbes
People are naturally evil and cruel
Government has to control the people

3. Other new ways of thinking
Voltaire
Criticized religious prejudice and the slave trade
Believed in freedom of speech
Baron de Montesquieu
Studied various empire in history
Believed the best government would divide power up
Rousseau
Believes in a social contract

4. New Ideas in Economics Laissez Faire Adam Smith Hands off
Means little government regulations or interfernece in business
Free trade
Adam Smith
Book: Wealth of Nations
Supported a free market society

5. The Arts in the Enlightenment
Music: Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn
Books: Gulliver Travels, Robin Crusoe

6. American Revolution
Britain tried to make America pay for the French and Indian War
“No taxation without representation”
1776 America declared freedom from Britain (Declaration of Independence)
France helped America during this war
Constitution and Bill of Rights

7. France King Louis XVI Queen Maria Antoinette Congress (3 Estates)
Clergy
Nobles
3rd Estate (regular people)

8. Problems in France Bread Riots Only 3rd estate is taxed
Tennis court oath
3rd estate declare themselves the National Assembly
Storming the Bastille
People stormed the political prison and freed all the prisoners

9. French Revolution
Food cost continued to rise as riots took charge of the country
Special privileges of the rich abolished
Crowds took the King prisoner in his own home
New constitution

10. Death to the King
The people sentences both King Louis XVI and Queen Mary Antoinette to death by beheading

11. Reign of Terror Robespierre
Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads
France started killing everyone considered a traitor to the country by beheading

12. Napoleon Bonaparte Young General during the revolution
Over through new government and set up a three man team of consuls
Made himself the main consul later, and then consul for life
2 years later Emperor over France

14. Reforms Everyone equal under the law Jobs open to everyone
No religious discrimination
Poor could keep the land they got during the revolution

15. Military Leader
Took over Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and had alliances with the rest of Europe (except Britain)
Later took over Austria

16. Failed attempt on Russia
Napoleon tried to take over Russia
Invaded in summer and burned everything to the ground
However when winter came, his army was in summer clothes, with no food
Soldiers started to freeze to death

17. Fall of Napoleon Napoleon was exiled to a remote island
King Louis XVIII took over France
A depression hit France again
And the people disliked the new king

18. Return and Fall of Napoleon
Napoleon escaped the island and took over France …again
Europe teamed up and attacked France in the battle of Waterloo
Napoleon was exiled again, in which he died on the island

19. Congress of Vienna Redrew the boundaries for countries in Europe
Placed Kings in Spain, Portugal, France, and other countries
Europe became afraid of the idea of a revolution and a democracy due to France