Review Game

Define/Explain:  Ellis Island  Angel Island

Define/Explain:  Ellis Island  Immigration processing station in New York  Processed millions of immigrants around the turn of the century  Angel Island  Immigration processing station outside of San Francisco  Processed immigrants from Asia

Define:  Americanization Movement

Define:  Americanization Movement  Designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture  Sponsored by the government  Volunteer programs were started to teach immigrants skills for citizenship-English literacy, American history/government, social etiquette and more.

What were settlement houses? How was Jane Addams connected to them?

 Settlement Houses:  Started and sponsored by the Social Gospel movement  Settlement houses were community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in need-mainly immigrants  Had programs/classes to help in literacy, health, English, etc.  Jane Addams:  Founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889 with Ellen Gates Starr-she was one of the most influential members of the Social Gospel Movement

Define:  Graft:  Patronage:

Define:  Graft:  Illegal use of political influence for personal gain  Patronage:  The giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected

What was a political machine? How did the function?

 A political machine was an organized group that ran a political party in a city  Political machines also offered services and jobs to voters in exchange for political and financial support  Political machines were often corrupt and took advantage of those who were less fortunate- immigrants and the urban poor  Political machines were led by a political boss

Explain the Tammany Hall political Machine and Boss Tweed

 Tammany Hall:  The name of a New York City political machine led by Boss Tweed  There was a scandal surrounding the construction of the New York City Courthouse  Scandal involved extravagant use of graft  Tweed and company embezzled $10 million from the project  Outcome:  Thomas Nast, cartoonist, helped to expose Tweed and the issue with Tammany Hall  Showed the public that political machines were corrupt

What was the Pendleton Civil Service Act?

 Came out in 1883  Authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs though a merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination  Had mixed results:  Public administration become more honest and efficient  Politicians turned to other means for donations for campaigning

Define:  Nativism

Define:  Nativism: overt favoritism towards native born Americans  Gave rise to anti-immigrant groups  Led to demand for immigration restrictions

Explain the Gentlemen’s Agreement:

 In , Japan and the U.S. agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order

Explain problems of urbanization

 Housing:  Shortage of housing for many in big cities  Led to construction of tenements, multifamily urban dwellings  Transportation:  Mass Transit: designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes  Water and Sanitation:  Cleaning up sewage issues, preventing illness  Crime rates soared  Fire-hard to combat once started

What was debt peonage?

 This was a system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

What was segregation?

 The practice of separating races in public and private facilities  “Separate but Equal.”  Led to other things, like Jim Crow Laws, etc…

What were some of the effects of segregation?

 Jim Crow Laws:  Laws guaranteeing the separation of races in many Southern States  Covered many aspects of life-education, doctors, etc.  Voting Restrictions  Poll Taxes: Paying a tax to be allowed to vote  Literacy Test: have to pass to vote  Grandfather clauses: to prevent newly freed slaves from voting  Lynching and other violence to intimidate  Ku Klux Klan

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

 This act banned entry to all Chinese immigrants except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials

Identify the following people:  W.E.B. DuBois  Ida B. Wells  Booker T. Washington  Chester Arthur

Identify the following people:  W.E.B. DuBois  First African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard- disagreed with Washington’s gradual approach to combating racism  Ida B. Wells  Worked as a reporter and fought against racial injustice  Booker T. Washington  African American educator-believed racism would end once all blacks proved their value to whites  Chester Arthur  Became president when Garfield was assassinated. In office, he became a reformer and switched his viewpoints

Explain the events of Plessy v. Ferguson

 Plessy bought a ticket to ride a train in Louisiana  He sat in the “white section” of the train and was arrested  He sued the company, saying that segregation was illegal  Supreme Court Involvement:  The case made it to the Supreme Court. They ruled that segregation was legal as long as things were “separate but equal.”  This decision set the tone for the next years and let all segregation laws (Jim Crow Laws) stand as being Constitutional