1 Unit 6: Life Processes and Classification

2 Nature of Living Things Define: Organism –An individual living thing. Example: Single- Celled Amoeba Example: Palm Tree

3 Characteristics of Living Things: 1. Organisms are made of one or more cells. 2. Organisms use energy (ATP). 3. Organisms adapt to their environment.

4 Characteristics Cont. 4. Organisms respond to stimuli. 5. Organisms produce their own kind (reproduction).

5 Characteristics Cont. 6. Organisms grow and develop. 7. Organisms carry on metabolic activities. - Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

6 Nature of Living Things All organisms use energy. The major source of energy is sunlight.

7 Nature of Living Things Plants are able to convert energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of food (glucose) through the process of photosynthesis.

8 Nature of Living Things Heterotrophs (consumers) can obtain energy by eating autotrophs (producers) or other consumers that have eaten producers.

9 Nature of Living Things All living things must be able to adapt to their environment in order to survive. Define: Adaptation - Changing to meet the needs of your environment. Example: Polar bears have thick fur to withstand the cold temperatures.

Adaptations 10

11 Organisms and their Environment All living things must be able to detect and respond to changes in their environment (stimuli). Define: Stimulus – change in the environment. Define: Response – reaction to a stimulus (action)

12 Organisms and their Environment We can detect stimuli using the 5 senses: 1.Smell 2.Taste 3.Hear 4.Touch 5.Sight

13 Organisms and their Environment Examples of stimulus/response interactions: SunPlant growth toward sun Door slammingJump Touch something hotPull hand away StimulusResponse

Stimulus/Response in Plants 14

15 Organisms and their Environment Organisms need the following 6 things to survive: 1. Food 2. Water 3. Air 4. Proper Temperature 5. Space 6. Ability to maintain homeostasis (internal stability) These result in competition

16 Organisms and their Environment Define: Homeostasis – Ability of an organism to keep conditions constant inside the body (internal balance).

17 Organisms and their Environment Examples of homeostasis during exercise: –Increased breathing and heart rate – keeps oxygen levels up –Increased sugar levels and respiration (making energy) – keeps energy up –Sweat – keeps body temperature cool and constant.

18 Organisms and their Environment Several things can affect homeostasis, such as: 1.Exercise 2.Disease, Illness, or injury 3.Environment (ex: air temperature) 4.Stress 5.Drugs

19 Life Processes All living organisms need to carry out certain functions in order to survive – we call these essential tasks “life processes.”

20 Life Processes 1. Nutrition: how an organism obtains and processes food. –Heterotrophic Nutrition–Organisms that consume (eat) food. Ingestion – Taking food in Digestion – Breaking food down into usable forms for absorption by cells Egestion – Eliminating solid food that cannot be digested.

21 Life Processes 1. Nutrition cont.: –Autotrophic Nutrition–Organisms that make own food (plants). Photosynthesis – process used by plants to make food (sugar) from CO 2, H 2 O, and light.

22 Life Processes 2. Transport: Circulating materials throughout an organism and absorption of the materials into cells. –Absorption – Taking in materials by cells. –Circulation – Movement of materials throughout organism.

Transport 23

24 Life Processes 3. Respiration: Process in which food (glucose) is converted into energy (ATP) in the mitochondria. –Anaerobic – no oxygen needed, but makes little energy (fermentation) Ex: Bacteria, yeast, tired muscles –Aerobic – oxygen needed, and makes lots of energy Ex: Most organisms (plants, animals)

25 Life Processes To do aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen is needed, and a product of the process is CO 2, which gets exhaled in animals. Plants use CO 2 for photosynthesis and release O 2. It’s a cycle!!!

26 Life Processes 4. Excretion: Removal of wastes produced by life processes. –Ex: Lungs excrete CO 2 and H 2 O. –Ex: Kidneys filter out H 2 O, salt, and urea which gets excreted in urine and/or sweat.

27 Life Processes 5. Synthesis: Small molecules are put together to form larger molecules. Amino acid+ Protein

28 Life Processes 6. Growth: Increase in cell size and or cell number. 7. Regulation: Control and coordinate all the life processes to maintain homeostasis. –The nervous system and endocrine systems are involved in regulation.

29 Life Processes 8. Reproduction: Producing new individuals of the same species – NOT necessary for survival of an individual organism. –Asexual Reproduction – 1 parent; identical offspring (no variation) –Sexual Reproduction – 2 parents (sperm+ egg); variety in offspring (genetic variation).

Asexual Reproduction 30

31 Development In addition, all living things must develop. –Development – changes an organism goes through as it grows.

Development Life span – period of time an organism lives. Ex. Monarch butterflies live about 6 weeks. Life cycle – changes an organism goes through during its life span. Ex. caterpillars change into butterflies 32

33 Classification Define: Classification: –Grouping things together according to their similarities. Why do we classify organisms? –For organization and identification.

34 Classification The person who developed the system of classification we use is Carl Linnaeus ( ). Taxonomy: Science of classifying organisms.

35 Classification Levels of Classification: –How to remember the order: King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

36 Classification Kingdom – largest group Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – smallest group

Fun with Classification! ClassificationDescription KingdomAll foods PhylumDesserts ClassFrozen desserts OrderFrozen dairy desserts FamilyIce cream GenusChocolate ice cream SpeciesChocolate ice cream with peanut butter cups 37

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39 Classification Scientific Name: Name given to all organisms. It comes from the organism’s genus and species names. –Ex: dogs – Canis familiaris –Ex: humans – Homo sapien Dichotomous Key: Used for classifying organisms.

40 Classification There are 5 major Kingdoms used in classification: 1.MoneraSingle-celled organisms Bacteria 2.ProtistaSingle-celled or simple many celled organisms. Have organelles Ameba Kingdom Description Example

41 3.FungiMulticellular, have cell wall, absorb food from environment Athlete’s foot Mushrooms 4.PlantaeMulticellular, cell walls, contain chlorophyll Maple tree Rose bush 5.AnimaliaMulticellular, organ systems, no cell wall, must obtain food Human Dog Kingdom DescriptionExample Classification

Classification Activity 42 Bump Tail