Ancient Greece 2000 BC to 449 BC

Location of Greece Greek Peninsula in Europe and on Asia Minor On the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas

Greek Geography Mountainous Terrain Little Fertile Land

Greek Geography 1.Troy 2.Athens 3.Sparta 4.Macedonia 5.Aegean Sea 6.Black Sea 7.Med. Sea Can you find….. Macedonia

City- States Mountainous Terrain led to the formation of independent city-states Greeks developed a distinct culture because of geography

The Greek City State Model of Athens Polis- city and its surrounding countryside Acropolis – high city with temples to the gods

The Greek Polis Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life – –Involvement in government and community – –Successful markets and trade Rebuilt Greek Marketplace (Agora)

Greek Trade dependent on trade for grain due to limited arable (farmable) land Trade spread Greek culture

Greek Money Increased trade led to a switch from barter to a money economyIncreased trade led to a switch from barter to a money economy

Greek Colonies Greeks set up colonies around the Mediterranean due to overpopulation and the search for arable (farmable) land.

Greek Mythology Polytheistic Religion Explained natural phenomena, life events and human qualities

Greek Gods and Goddesses Serve as symbols in and images in Western literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics Where have you seen them before????

Greek Mythology Family Tree

Zeus and Hera Chief God God of Thunder Wife of Zeus Goddess of Marriage

Apollo and Artemis Twins God of the sun, light, logic, and music Goddess of the moon, hunting, and wild things

Athena and Aphrodite Goddess of Love Goddess of War and Wisdom

Trojan War Fought over control over the Dardanelles Dardanelles: Strait linking the Mediterranean (Aegean) and Black Seas

Homer Poet credited with composing The Illiad and The Odyssey Epics: narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds Stories passed down orally.

The Illiad Tells of Trojan War and the warriors Achilles of Greece and Hector of Troy

The Odyssey Tells of Odysseus’ adventures on his ten year journey home from Troy Odysseus meets the sirens

Two City States Athens Category Sparta Successful direct democracy: each person had a vote in government. Government Powerful oligarchy: government run by a few powerful people Embraced trade, manufacturing, and the arts Strengths Focused only on the military and agriculture Advanced navy Army Advanced land-based army Citizenship and voting rights for all free adult males Who is a citizen? Citizenship for the ruling class only Freedom, rationalism, individualism, and democracy Values Endurance, a scorn of luxuries, and unyielding firmness

Athens

Stages of Athenian Government Monarchy Rule by one person, a king or queen Aristocracy Rule by a small group of wealthy land owners

Stages of Government Tyranny Democracy Rule by one person, a tyrant, who seizes power Rule by the people

Athens Developed the world’s first (limited) democracy

Tyrants – 1 st step Seized power Made laws and worked for reforms which led to democracy Draco and Solon

Draco – 621 B.C.E. The first Greek legal code Jury system Harsh laws – most crimes punishable by death Began debt slavery

Solon – 594 B.C.E. Allowed all citizens to debate in the assembly Allowed all citizens access to court system Outlawed debt slavery

Citizens Free adult males (one-fifth of the population) Women, foreigners, and slaves had no political rights

Public Debate in Athens Citizens debated laws before voting on them Citizens were expected to be skilled public speakers. Perfect Athenians were expected to participate in government Create laws, debate, vote

Direct Democracy citizens vote on all laws and other major decisions their votes were counted directly One Person = One Vote!

Slaves 1/3 of the people living in Athens were slaves The labor of slaves gave many citizens time to participate in government – too time consuming to worry about other things. Slave girl dancing to entertain guests

Sparta Located on the Peninsula of Peloponnesus (Peloponnesian Peninsula) Conquered nearby city-state and forced the people to work for the state

Social Structure Ruling families who owned the land 2. Free non-citizens (artisans and merchants) 3. Helots – peasants; little more than slaves.

Spartan Government Oligarchy: Government ruled by a few powerful people Council of Elders 5 elected ephors Assembly of citizens

Spartan Society Militaristic and aggressive Valued duty, strength, and discipline

Spartan Feminism! They Were Citizens of Sparta They Could Dress Daringly They Had to Give Up Their Sons at a Young Age The First Ever Female to Win Gold at the Olympics Was a Spartan They Expected Their Sons to Triumph or Die on the Battlefield (“come home with your shield or on it”) Spartan Woman’s Greatest Honor Was to Die During Childbirth They Were Major Landowners

Wars Persian Wars Greece vs. Persian Empire 499 – 449 BC

Persian Wars The Persian Wars united Athens and Sparta against the mighty Persian Empire

Persian Wars Athens and Sparta Unite! The Persians are Coming!! Greek colony in Asia Minor – Ionia. Persia took it over in 519 B.C. Ionians asked the Greeks for help in 499 B.C. Athens sent warships to help but they were unsuccessful

…The Plot Thickens….. Darius –(Persian King) angry with Athens for interfering in Persian affairs. Sent a fleet and army to teach the Greeks to mind their own business.

Battle at Marathon heavily outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persians Pheidippides ran 26 miles to tell Athenians not to give up their city – –Then died…. (and so does Darius)

Will the Real Xerxes Please Stand Up? Hollywood! History! Xerxes becomes king wants to avenge his father’s losses at Marathon Persia prepares for war…

Meanwhile, Back in Greece…. Greeks unite to fight Persians Athens builds up her Navy Sparta takes charge of the Army

Battle at Thermopylae The famous battle that inspired “300” Spartans defended the pass at Thermopylae with only 300 soldiers. 1000’s of other Greeks had been at the battle but had left to defend another pass. The Greeks lost the battle but were set up for later success. August 480 B.C.E.

Victory at Salamis Large Persian ships chase Greeks to Salamis – –Can’t maneuver ships in the straits Athenian ships trap and ram the Persian fleet destroying it Greece Wins!!

Results of the Persian Wars Greece wins and preserves its independence Athens experiences a Golden Age and continues innovations in government and culture.