1. 10-3

2.  A. Located on the Aegean coast  B. About 750 B.C. nobles, merchants, & manufacturers established an oligarchy (form of government in which a few people have the ruling power)  C. Solon (594 B.C.), a rich merchant, wrote a constitution (set of principles & rules for governing)

3.  A. Set a limit on how much land one could own  B. Landowners now had the right to vote in the Assembly  C. Erased all debts  D. All slaves were freed  E. Offered citizenship to artisans who were not from Athens  F. Ordered fathers to teach their sons a trade

4.  A. In 508 B.C., the Spartans, who had taken over Athens, were overthrown by Cleisthenes  B. Cleisthenes put into effect the world’s first democratic constitution  C. Democratic – favoring the equality of all people  D. Cleisthenes reforms lasted for over 300 years

5.  E. Assembly was opened to males over 20  F. The Council of 500 handled daily business  1. members were chosen each year  2. chosen randomly  3. could only serve 2 terms max  G. Did not believe in elections because they thought the rich would buy their way into the council & they thought everyone was smart enough to take part in the council

6.  H. Citizens were required to educate their sons  I. Boys studied writing, math, & music, practiced sports, & memorized the works of Homer & other poets  J. When they turned 18, they became citizens

7.  A. In 490 B.C., King Darius sent 600 ships and his army to Greece  B. They fought in Marathon  C. When the Persians were boarding their ships, the Athenians came down from the mountains & attacked…defeating the Persians  D. A messenger ran to Athens to declare victory…he yelled “Nike!” which is the goddess of victory…& then died

9.  E. The Greeks prepared for the Persian return & in 480 they did.  F. Darius’s son Xerxes conquered northern Greece.  G. 20 city-states banded together to defeat the Persians (Sparta led the army & Athens led the navy)  H. The Persians set Athens on fire  I. The Persian ships were destroyed  J. This marked the end of the Persian Wars

10.  A. City-states formed a defensive league (protective group) to prevent future attacks  B. Sparta did not join the group  C. As time grew, Athens became more powerful and created their own empire  D. Pericles was the ruler of Athens  1. rebuilt the temples and palaces on Acropolis  2. built the Parthenon  3. led for 30 yrs.