Development Indicators and Patterns!

Single Indicators: Be able to compare/contrast MDCs and LDCs for each one 1. GDP per capita 2. GDP per PPP exchange rates 3. Two health indicators 4. Two education indicators

1. GDP per capita The total of all economic activity produced within a country, divided by the number of population. GNI per capita: total income earned by a country’s citizens throughout the world, divided by the number in the population If a developing country has a large amount of FDI, which should be bigger: GDP or GNI? –GDP!

2. GDP per PPP exchange rates PPP = Purchasing Power Parity PPP exchange rates – “Special exchange rates between currencies that makes the buying power of each currency equal to the buying power of $1, and therefore equal to each other.” “The use of PPP exchange rates to convert GDP eliminates the influence of price level differences across countries. ” (Trakages…emp. mine) In other words, it factors in “cost of living”

In theory… What should happen to PPP between countries in the long run? Why should the prices eventually equal?

What patterns do you see?

US PPP and Nom. 46,800 UK PPP 36,500 Nom. 43,700 Japan PPP 34,000 Nom. 38,000 Sweden PPP 37,200 Nom. 52,800 Canada PPP 38,025 Nom. 39,668 Australia PPP 38,910 Nom. 45,586 N. Zealand PPP 26,707 Nom. 27,259 S. Korea PPP 27,600 Nom. 19,500 Saudi Ar. PPP 23,814 Nom. 18,855 Russia PPP 15,948 Nom. 11,807 Mexico PPP 14,534 Nom. 10,212 Brazil PPP 10,455 Nom Dominican R. PPP 8896 Nom China PPP 6549 Nom Bolivia PPP 4300 Nom Vietnam PPP 2793 Nom Kenya PPP 1711 Nom. 838 Haiti PPP 1317 Nom. 790 DR Congo PPP 329 Nom : Nominal GDP per capita v. GDP per PPP exchange rates) according to Wikipedia via s.com/the-difference-between- gdp-nominal-and-gdp-ppp/ s.com/the-difference-between- gdp-nominal-and-gdp-ppp/

THE BIG MAC INDEX!! !

3. Two Health Indicators Life birth # of years one can expect to live Infant mortality rate # of deaths from the time of birth to age one per 1000 live births Activity: Read p. 455 from Tragakes & interpret the data from p. 456

Child Mortality: Deaths Under the Age of 5 In 2012: 6,600,000 children under the age of 5 died (source: WHO.int) Leading causes of death (about 45% linked to malnutrition) Pneumonia Preterm birth complications Birth asphyxia Diarrhea Malaria Any patterns/trends?

4. Two Education Indicators Adult literacy rate Measures % of people aged 15+ in a population who can read & write Primary school enrollment % of primary (elementary) school age children enrolled in primary school Note: often different than secondary school enrollment Read Tragakes p. 457 until World Dev. Indicators & then interpret the data from p. 458)

Life Expectancy at Birth: World (2012)

Total Fertility Rate (2013)

Total Fertility Rates

Extra Info (“fun facts”)

(Back to extra but helpful info…) Total Fertility Rate The average # of children a woman will have in her lifetime. What is the ‘replacement rate?’ 2.1 !!!

Total Fertility Rate vs. Infant Mortality Rate, Sweden

Female Secondary Education and Total Fertility Rates

Birth Rates: # of babies born per year per 1000 people From 2009

Death Rates: # of people who die per year per 1000 people From 2009

When did the world ’ s population reach… 100 million? 200 million? 1 billion? 3 billion? 6 billion? 500 B.C.E. 600 C.E C.E C.E C.E.

World Population Growth

Percentages of people in cities--world 1800: 3% urban 1850: 6% 1900: 14% 1950: 30% 2000: 47% 2007: 50% True or False: A large % of people living in urban areas is usually a measure of a country ’ s level of development.

25 Which has more people in urban areas- -developed or developing world?

Demographic Transition

Population Change in Mexico

Quick Recap Population growth occurs when there are more _____ than ____. Why does this happen?

Measles Mortality Rate, USA,

Stats That Are Often Related to Birth Rates (measured per 1000 people): If you know one, you likely know them all Industrialization & Economic Development Education/Status of Women Availability of Quality Medical Care IMR (Infant Mortality Rate), CMR (Childhood MR) Life Birth Urban vs. Rural Dwellers

Total Fertility Rate (2013)

Population Pyramids Which one is developing? Which one is developed? Which is growing?

USA Population Pyramid & the “ Baby Boom ” Generation

Population Pyramids of the World Eco%20325/Population%20Pyramids/P opulation%20Pyramids.htm

Quick Question Why does a fertility rate less than the replacement rate affect Japan more than Europe & (especially) the US?

What about countries w/older populations? A Few Pros – (usually) Wealthy country, limited or no more population growth (helps w/ limited resources) A Major Con – A poorly skewed DEPENDENCY RATIO (Why problematic?) People aged 0-14 & 65 and older/# of people aged Before skewing poorly, countries usually receive a “DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND” for about years after fertility rates fall but before a large # of people retire. In other words, the DD has the best dependency ratio! – Examples: » 4 Asian Tigers (1960s-1990s) » India (2010ish-2040ish)

Dependency Ratio (economically speaking—close to 2.5 is good…close to 1 is not so good!)

Question Will the world’s population start declining? A great article to review many of the key concepts: “About That Overpopulation Problem”“About That Overpopulation Problem

6 Demographic Charts for Review (4 are on next slide!)

Extra Slide: The World at Night