3. Human Geography Versus Physical Geography

5. An economics theory by Garrett Hardin, according to which individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self-interest, behave contrary to the whole group's long-term best interests by depleting some common resource. In other words = sustainable development = meshing economic growth and environmental protection. Examples of the Commons: oceans, rivers, the atmosphere, forests, etc.

11. 200 years ago, the world’s population reached 1 billion In 1960, the world’s population was 3 billion Today, the world’s population is over 7 billion The UN estimates that the world’s population will increase to 10 billion by 2100. EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH: ultra-rapid population growth that occurs over a short period of time. Demography: study of population numbers

12. The world’s population increase by 80 million annually Currently, 80% of the world’s population lives in developing countries. Developing countries are countries that have experienced steady population and economic growth, but still lack high standards of living Canada’s population is approximately 33 million 1/3 of the world’s population lives in China and India

15. If the world population were reduced to a village of 100 people: 60 people would be Asian, 14 would be African, 12 would be European, 8 would be from Latin America, 5 would be from the US and Canada, and 1 person would be from the South Pacific.

16. Singapore, an almost entirely urban nation, has over 6000 people per square km Bangladesh has more than 1000 people per square km Canada has approximately 3 people per square km BC has 4.2 people per square km The City of New York has more than 10,000 people per square km The downtown peninsula of Vancouver (where the greatest concentration of Vancouverites live) has more than 20,000 people per square km.

18. Life Expectancy Demographic Transition Age Structure Dependency Ratio Population Pyramid Cohorts Fertility Mortality

19. A tool used to analyze and understand population numbers and chart population change. This model is divided into 5 stages, each revealing birth and death rates and total population in that particular stage.

20. High birth and death rates result in small population growth. Disease and malnutrition keep infant mortality rates high. Life expectancy is low. Common in developing countries Ex: Sierra Leone, Chad, Malawi

21. High birth rates and low death rates result in population explosion. Death rates fall due to medical and scientific advances such as vaccines and clear drinking water and sewage systems. Most developed countries experienced this during the 1800s Ex. Egypt, Kenya, India

22. Low death rates and rapidly declining birth rates. Social Programs, industrialization, and urbanization eliminate the need for large families. Ex. Brazil

23. Rates of natural increase have stabilized. Low birth rates and low death rates mean the population growth is slow. Many nations of Western Europe are at this stage. Factors such as the changing role of women and family planning programs result in lower birth rates. Ex. USA, France, UK

24. Birth rates drop below the death rate. This is the next natural stage for population change in the future. Many European nations and Japan are presently entering this stage where births are low but there is a long life expectancy. Ex. Germany & Japan

25. Diagram of a countries population using census facts Census: National count of populations at regular intervals (every 10 years) Physical Facts: birthplace, age, gender Social Facts: language, literacy, employment, housing Vital Statistics: in between census (marriage, birth, deaths). ***Limitations: expensive, inaccurate, enumeration problems (slums, poor communication, human error)