1. Human Population Demography - the statistical study of populations
Current Trends
- birth rates have increased
- death rates have decreased
- % growth has decreased
- fertility rate has decreased
- 95% of growth taking place in developing world

2. World 21 9 All developed countries 11 10 All developing countries 24 8
Average crude birth rate
Average crude death rate
World 21 9
All developed
countries 11 10
All developing
countries 24 8
Developing
countries
(w/o China) 27 9
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

3. © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learnin
China
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learnin
1.3 billion
1.4 billion
India
1.1 billion
1.4 billion
USA
294 million
349 million
Indonesia
219 million
308 million
Brazil
179 million
211 million
Pakistan
159 million
229 million
Russia
144 million
137 million
Bangladesh
141 million
205 million
Japan
128 million
121 million
Nigeria
137 million
206 million
2004
2025

4. Birth Rates & Fertility Rates Decreasing due to:
- less children needed for labor
- urbanization
- higher cost of raising children
- higher education level
- lower infant mortality rates
- higher average age at marriage
- better access to birth control
- relaxed religious and cultural beliefs
These factors are trending worldwide except in developing
countries.

5. World
5 children per woman
2.8
Developed
countries
2.5
1.6
Developing
countries
6.5
3.1
Africa
6.6
5.1
Latin
America
5.9
2.6
Asia
5.9
2.6
Oceania
3.8
2.1
North
America
3.5
2.0
Europe
2.6
1.4
1950
2004

6. Death Rates Dropping due to:
- better health care & nutrition causing:
1) higher life expectancy
2) lower infant mortality
*These factors are trending worldwide except for developing
countries.
Example
Avg. global life expectancy = 67 years
Africa’s life expectancy = 55 years and falling

7. Population (2004) Population projected (2025) Infant mortality rate
United States (highly developed)
294 million
179 million
Brazil (moderately developed)
137 million
Nigeria (less developed)
Population
projected
(2025)
349 million
211 million
206 million
Infant
mortality
rate
6.7 33
100
Life
expectancy
77 years
71 years
52 years
Fertility
rate (TFR)
2.0
2.2
5.7
%Population
under
age 15
21%
30%
44%
% Population
over
age 65
12% 6% 3%
Per capita
GNI PPP
$36,110
$7,450
$800
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

8. Studying Populations by Age
Age Structure Diagrams
- displays % of each age level in a population
- uses 3 categories:
pre-reproductive, reproductive, post reproductive
- can help predict population growth
- predicts future economic needs based on age
Example
- populations with a large % under 15 will
begin to grow rapidly

9. Age Structure Diagrams

10. Controlling Population Growth
Pros
- Increase in population = increase in death rates
- Example- Africa (poverty, disease)
- Increase in population = increase in environmental damage
Cons
- violation of religious and cultural beliefs
- population growth = economic growth
- Example:
- life expectancy is at its highest level
- food supply is at its highest level

11. ? Is Economic Development Reducing Birth Rates?
Demographic Transition
- hypothesis- as countries become industrialized
their death rates and eventually birth rates drop.
- occurs in 4 stages:
1) Pre-industrial Stage
- high birth & death rate due to lack of technology
2) Transitional Stage
- high birth rate, lower death rates due to more food
3) Industrial Stage
- birth rate drops near death rate due to economic growth
4) Post Industrial Stage
- birth rate equals death giving zero population growth

12. Relative population size Birth rate and death rate
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Stage 2
Transitional
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
Low
High
Relative population size
(number per 1,000 per year)
Birth rate and death rate 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Birth rate
Death rate
Total population
Low
Increasing
Very high
Decreasing
Low
Zero
Negative
Growth rate over time

13. United States Historical Birth Rates
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
Births per woman
2.1
2.0
1.5
Baby boom
( )
Replacement
level
1.0
0.5
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year

14. Controlling Population Growth in India & China
Why?
1) Increased poverty & malnutrition
- 40% of India is malnourished
- 50% of India is unemployed
2) Increased environmental damage
- soil erosion, overgrazing, deforestation,
70% of water is polluted (India)
How?
1) Use of economic rewards & penalties
2) Education on family planning methods

15. India China Percentage of world 17% population 20% Population
1.1 billion
1.3 billion
Population (2025)
(estimated)
1.4 billion
1.4 billion
Illiteracy (%of adults)
47%
17%
Population under age 15(%)
36%
22%
Population growth rate (%)
1.7%
0.6%
Total fertility rate
3.1 children per woman (down from 5.3 in 1970)
1.7 children per woman (down from 5.7 in 1972)
Infant mortality rate 64 32
Life expectancy
62 years
71 years
GDP PPP per capita
$2,650
$4,520

16. Lessons on Human Population Growth
- due to success in many Asian countries
demographers believe growth can be slowed by:
1) Education (family planning)
2) Reducing poverty
3) Increasing women’s status

17. Essay Questions
Why has China been more successful than India in reducing population growth? Identify at least 2 tactics used by each country in your explanation.
Why are pest species likely to be r-selected species? Why are many endangered species likely to be k-selected species? Include at least 3 characteristics of each species in your explanation.