Front End Electronics (FEE) solutions for large arrays of segmented detectors FEE for large array with segmented HP-Ge detectors - Specific case: combined AGATA - Miniball FEE FEE for other segmented detectors (DSSSD, SC) Ultra-Fast CSP ( and the use of microwave MMIC) ANSiP Advanced School & Workshop on Nuclear Physics Signal Processing Acireale (CT), Italy - November 21-24, 2011 G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

2 a)First arrays with segmented HPGe Detectors (FEE for Miniball; Sega-NSCL; Tigress; Rising etc. but also in GERDA; Gretina - det. characterization phase ) b) AGATA - FEE - Dual Gain CSP - for the central contact - ToT method ( - combined dynamic range  ~100 dB, - Cosmic ray measurement ) - Programmable Spectroscopic Pulser - for detector characterization, e.g. impurities concentration meas. - Transfer function - dummy detectors c) Combined AGATA – Miniball FEE G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

3 IF1320 (IF1331) (5V; 10mA)& 1pF; 1 GΩ t r ~ ns 800 mV - no over & under_shoot warm Warm & cold jFET DGF-4C(Rev.C)

4 C. Chaplin, Modern Times (1936) crosstalk between participants  transfer function issue G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne 1. Charge Sensitive Preamplifier ( Low Noise, Fast, Single & Dual Gain ~ 100 dB extended range with ToT ) 2. Programmable Spectroscopic Pulser (as a tool for self-calibrating) 3. Updated frequency compensations to reduce the crosstalk between participants ( - from adverse cryostat wiring and up to - electronic crosstalk in the trans. line) 8 Clusters (Hole 11.5cm, beam line 11cm)

the equivalent noise charges Q n assumes a minimum when the current and voltage contributions are equal current noise ~ (RC) voltage noise ~ 1/(RC) ~ C d 2 1 / f noise ~ C d 2 J.-F. Loude, IPHE AGATA τ opt ~ 3-6 µs

6 G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne Best performance: Majorana dedicated FEE (PTFE~0.4mm; Cu~0.2mm;C~0.6pF; R ~2GΩ Amorphous Ge (Mini Systems) ~ 55 eV ~ 50 µs (FWHM) BF862 (2V; 10mA) 1pF; 1 GΩ BAT17 diode (GERDA) Test Pulser ? -yes-not & how ?

7 AGATA LVDS-Dual Core Preamplifier (Final design) with up-graded frequency compensations: Large Open loop-gain (~ 100,000) Fast Rise Time tr ~ pF Large dynamic range ~ 180 Cf~1pF Multiple frequency compensations: - minimum Miller effect - lead compensation - lead-lag compensation - dominant pole compensation AGATA Core Preamplifier - Charge Sensitive Part large dynamic range in the first CSP large open loop gain frequency compensations for optimum transfer function G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

ANALOGUE CIRCUITS TECHNIQUES April 16th, 2002 F. ANGHINOLFI CERN - the dominant pole compensation technique

9 Fast Reset as tool to implement the “TOT” method Core Active Reset – OFF Active Reset – ON - very fast recovery from TOT mode of operation - fast comparator LT1719 (+/- 6V) - factory adj. threshold + zero crossing - LV-CMOS (opt) - LVDS by default ToT Normal analog spectroscopy G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne Fast Reset circuitry Core -recovery from saturation one of the segments

10 Fast Reset as tool to implement the “TOT” method Core Active Reset – OFF Active Reset – ON - very fast recovery from TOT mode of operation - fast comparator LT1719 (+/- 6V) - factory adj. threshold + zero crossing - LV-CMOS (opt) - LVDS by default ToT Normal analog spectroscopy G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne Fast Reset circuitry Core -recovery from saturation one of the segments INH-C

11 see Francesca Zocca PhD Thesis, INFN, Milan A. Pullia at al, Extending the dynamic range of nuclear pulse spectrometers, Rev. Sci. Instr. 79, (2008)

12 Pole /Zero Adj. Fast Reset (Ch2) Pole /Zero Adj. Fast Reset (Ch1) Differential Buffer (Ch1) Ch1 ( tr ~ 25.5 ns) Ch2 ( tr ~ 27.0 ns) Common Charge Sensitive Loop + Pulser + Wiring Differential Buffer (Ch2) Ch 1 ~200 mV / MeV Ch 2 ~ 50mV / MeV Programmable Spectroscopic Pulser Pulser CNTRL C-Ch1 /C-Ch1 INH1 SDHN1 C-Ch2 /C-Ch2 INH2 SDHN2 one MDR 10m cable Ch1 (fast ~19 MeV Ch2 (linear mode) Segments (linear mode) Dual Gain Core Structure 2keV -180 MeV in two modes & four sub-ranges of operations: a) Amplitude and b) TOT 36_fold segmented HP-Ge detector + cold jFET

13  10 MeV Due to FADC range ! LNL-2010

14 AGATA Dual Core crosstalk test measurements Ch2 (analog signal) vs. LVDS-INH-C1 (bellow & above threshold) INH_Threshold - (~ 4mV) INH_Threshold + (- 1mV) INH_Ch1/+/ INH_Ch1/-/ INH_Ch1/+/ LV_CMOS Core amplitude just below the INH thresholdCore amplitude just above the INH threshold t f ~ 2.45 ns t r ~ 1.65 ns INH_Threshold + (~ 1mV) INH_Threshold + (~ 4mV) LV_CMOS AGATA Dual_Core LVDS transmission of digital INH and Pulser_In signals (1) Core_Ch1, (2) Core_Ch2, (3) INH_Ch1(LVDS/-/, (4) INH_Ch1(LVDS/+/)

Interaction of muons with matter low energy correction: excitation and ionization ‘density effect’ High energy corrections: bremsstrahlung, pair production and photo-nuclear interaction To extend the comparison between “reset” mode (ToT) vs. “pulse-height” mode (ADC) well above 100 MeV measuring directly cosmic rays MUON STOPPING POWER AND RANGE TABLES - 10 MeV|100 TeV D. E. GROOM, N. V. MOKHOV, and S. STRIGANOV David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector, IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis,

Two set-up have been used: a)LeCroy Oscilloscope with only Core signals: Ch1; Ch2, INH-Ch1; INH-Ch2 from Core Diff-to-Single Converter Box b)10x DGF-4C-(Rev.E) standard DAQ - complete 36x segments and 4x core signals from Diff-to-Single Converter Boxes (segments & core) David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector, IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis,

Determination of the High Gain Core Inhibit width directly from the trace while the low gain core operates still in linear mode up to ~22 MeV ( deviation ~0.5%) Calibrated energy sum of all segments vs. both low & high- gain core signals (linear & ToT ) Calibrated energy sum of all segments vs. both low & high- gain core signals (both in ToT mode of operation) David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector, IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis, Experimental results for cosmic ray measurement

R.Breier et al., Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68, , 2010 David Schneiders, Cosmic radiation analysis by a segmented HPGe detector, IKP-Cologne, Bachelor thesis, Averaged calibrated segments sum +++ Averaged calibrated Low gain Core xxx Scaled pulser calibration (int. & ext.) ---- Combined spectroscopy up to ~170 MeV Direct measurement of cosmic rays with a HP-Ge AGATA detector, encapsulated and 36 fold segmented

19 AGATA Dual Gain Core Final Specs. G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne Summary active reset: - active 2 nd stage - active 1 st stage with advantages vs. disadv.

20 Incorporated Programmable Spectroscopic Pulser why is needed?  self-calibration purposes brief description Specs and measurements G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

21 Parameter Potential Use / Applications Pulse amplitude  Energy, Calibration, Stability Pulse Form  Transfer Function in time (rise time, fall time, structure) domain, ringing  (PSA) Pulse C/S amplitude ratio  Crosstalk input data (Detector Bulk Capacities) ( Detector characterization) Pulse Form  TOT Method  (PSA) Repetition Rate (c.p.s.)  Dead Time  (Efficiency) (with periodical or statistical distribution) Time alignment  Correlated time spectra Segments calibration  Low energy calibration Detector characterization  Impurity concentration, passivation The use of PSP for self-calibrating G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

22 Analog Switches: - t on / t off, - Q i, - dynamic range (+/- 5V) Op Amp: - ~ R to R - bandwidth Coarse attenuation (4x 10 dB) ( z o ~150 Ohm) transmission line to S_ jFET and its return GND! +/- 1ppm 16 bit +/- 1bit fast R-R driver return GND G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne CSP

23 ExponentialRectangular Good DC LevelSame P/Z  good PSA Disadvantage: - Different P/Z for Signal & Pulser  PSA! - Bipolar Signals ( + & - ) Advantage / Disadvantage Base line OK  good P/Z, but DC level ~ pulser level (50%) Dynamic range: - Core 0 to ~ 180 MeV (opt. ~ 90 MeV) - Segments 0 to ~3 MeV (opt. ~ 1 MeV) Rise Time Range: 20 ns - 60 ns (by default ~45 ns ) Fall Time Range: 100 µs µs (by default ~150 ns ) Long Term Stability: < / 24 h Selection Mode of operation Pulser Specs and Measurements G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

24 Measurements: GSI Single Cryostat (Detector S001) Portable 16k channels MCA (IKP) Resolution (acquisition time 12-14h): - core 1.08 Pulser (Detector) - cold dummy (V3): keV - segment Pulser: < 0.90 keV keV: 1.10 keV keV: 1.15 keV G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne Why not an ASIC ?

25

Impurities concentration of last four rings of AGATA detector S002 B. Birkenbach at al, Determination of space charge distributions in highly segmented large volume HP-Ge detectors from capacitance-voltage measurements Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 640 (2011)

27 Transfer Function & X-talk Stand alone transfer function (bench tests) Wiring influence - detector wiring & cryostat wiring - Dummy Detectors ( 2D  V2; 3D  V3 ) Solution for frequency compensation to find - stability criteria for - oscillations, - peaking & ringing - methods of compensation depending on: - op amp type (or equivalent op amp when distributed) - feedback, source and load networks Updated version of compensation and measurements G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

28 Cold part Warm part AGATA HP-Ge Detector Front-End Electronics G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

29 Cold part Warm part AGATA HP-Ge Detector Front-End Electronics G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne AGATA – 3D Dummy detector

30 G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

31 the conversion range has been successfully extended by more than one order of magnitude with the new spectroscopic ToT technique: - two modes of operation and four sub-ranges, namely: 0  5 (20) MeV and 5(20)  180 MeV the use of the LV-DS signals (INH-C1, INH-C2 and Pulser Trigger) in the AGATA Dual Gain Core reduced considerable the crosstalk in the transmission line 20 x sets for AGATA Reconfigurable Core manufactured, tested, ready to be used (* each set consists of warm preamplifier, MDR-flat cable subassembly and FADC converter boards) Inh-C1&C2Pulser Trigger 20 x

Combined AGATA  Miniball FEE all AGATA feature implemented without Spectroscopic Pulser Fast Reset (INH-C & SDHN logic) almost no nonlinearity (only +/-12V) Miniball HeKo (PSC823) size and pin out specification but with differential outputs and ToT method Combining AGATA  Miniball (HeKo) FEE

Miniball (HeKo) PSC 823 PSC-2008 AGATA like Miniball (Eurysis /Ortec propr. prod.) (differential out.) 2011 Technical Specifications - conversion factor ~ 200 mV/MeV (PSC-2008 opt. 100 mV/MeV) - open loop gain ~ 20,000 - ~ 100,000 - single ended - reconfigurable as Inv. / Non Inv.); - the 2008 & 2011 with differential outputs - adjustments: - I drain ; - P/Z adj. ; - Offset adj. ; Bandwidth - No Offset adj - power supply: +/- 12V - with INH-C & SDHN - rise time ~ 25 ns / 39 pF det. cap. (terminated) ( i.e. Time over Threshold ) INH SHDN Either BF862 or IF1320

34 Front End Electronics for LYCCA's & TASCA’s DSSSD & Solar Cell Matrix LYCCA a core device for RISING HISPEC/DESPEC Objective is to uniquely identify event-by-event exotic nuclei by: mass A charge Z Flexible array of detector modules to measure: E, ∆E, Position, ToF G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne (B)

G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne A. Wendt et al – Der LYCCA-Demonstrator, HK 36.60, DPG, Bonn, 2010

36 TASISpec (TASCA) A new detector Set-up for Superheavy Element Spectroscopy LYCCA-0 Set-up for DSSSD + CsI

37

38 ~1.25 sq.cm

39 Sub - nanosecond CSP version G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne A D 8351 t r ~ 200 gain 10dB (Vc ~ 3-5 V; 28 mA) alternative AD 8352 Ultrafast Voltage comparator family: ADCMP580 / ADCMP581 / ADCMP582 Silicon Germanium (SiGe) bipolar process GaAs – HEMT *) (Q1, Q2) ultra-fast, narrow time output - fast rise time t r ~ 200ps !) energy output t f ~10 µs (no P/Z cancellation) high counting rates timing > ~1 Mcps dominant pole compensation included low power +/- 6V E; +/- 3V T) *) not implemented for LYCCA 8 GHz equivalent input rise time bandwidth < 40 ps typical output rise/fall 10 ps deterministic jitter (DJ) 200 fs random jitter (RJ) −2 V to +3 V input range with +5 V/−5 V supplies on-chip terminations at both inputs Resistor-programmable hysteresis Differential latch control Power supply rejection > 70 dB

Pulse generator: - Tektronix PG502 modified (less than 700ps rise/fall time) - refurbish PG503 Scope: LeCroy 44Xs (400 Mhz, 2.5 GHz sampling) t r ~ 500 ps jFET, FET, HEMT selection a) jFET, FET BF861 (1,B,C); BF862; BF 889 b) GaAs-FETs (E-pHEMT) ATF-35143; ATF-55143; ATF c) I drain, V drain  to optimize the noise & bandwidth characteristics (10-15 mA, V, 20-30mW) G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne

41 Front End Electronics for TOF and BPM TOF & BPM for HISPEC/DISPEC and for AMS (CologneAMS) Flexible set of beam detector modules to measure: Position, ToF, (E, ∆E) G. Pascovici, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Univ. of Cologne (B)

42 de facto, Darlington amplifiers offers the RF designer multi-stage performance in packages that look like a discrete transistor wide bandwidth, impedance match, and a choice of gain and output power levels result from their being monolithic circuits, most of which contain InGaP - HBT (indium-gallium-phosphide heterojunction bipolar transistors) The use of Mini Circuits microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC)

43 Mini-Circuits PSA ; (PSA-5451) (an E-PHEMT based Ultra Low Noise MMIC Amplifier) E-PHEMT based Ultra-Low Noise MMIC Amplifier bandwidth 50 MHz to 4 GHz ultra low noise (0.8 dB) and high IP3: 25 dB; (or ~29 dB) I/O internally matched to 50 ohms single 20mA; (or Mini-Circuits PHA-1(X)+ Ultra High Dynamic Range MMIC Amplifier bandwidth 50 MHz to 6(8) GHz output power ~ 23 dBm provides Input and Output Return Loss of14-21 dB up to 4 GHz without the need for any external matching components The use of Mini Circuits microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC)

44 Conclusions FEE for large array with segmented HP-Ge detectors - standard pulse height analysis, ToT & Progr. Spectr. Pulser - (Loved specific case: combined AGATA - Miniball FEE ) FEE for DSSSD – specific case LYCCY and TASISpec GSI Sub-nanosecond preamplifiers - CSP (E+T) and MMIC (GHz)