The Byzantine Empire, Russia and Eastern Europe How can you tell this is Byzantine architecture?

Constantine Moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium (present-day Istanbul, Turkey) Renamed it Constantinople Legalized Christianity The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire This is the guy that paved the way for the Byzantine Empire, and he did it by- Who was he?

Constantinople Why was Constantinople chosen as the capital? Situated on a strait between the Black and Mediterranean Seas And the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire Byzantine Empire and then the Byzantine Empire was? Why did it become the capital of the Eastern Roman empire and Empire and how did it survive for 1000 years after the Western Empire fell.

Crossroads of trade

Built on a peninsula fortified with land and sea walls

Distant from Germanic invasions in West Protected by the eastern frontier

Medieval Times The time between the fall of Rome in the West and the Renaissance (@ 1000 years) Byzantine Empire: advanced and prosperous Western Europe: state of decline and war

Justinian Conquered many former Roman territories Expanded trade The most famous Byzantine Emperor revived the idea of a Roman Empire by …What was his name?

Justinian’s Legacy Codified Roman laws “Justinian’s Code” Law codes were later adopted by Western European Monarchs Built the Hagia Sophia and other many other buildings

Byzantine Achievements in Art and Architecture Architecture: domed buildings like the Hagia Sophia Icons: religious images Mosaics in public and religious structures

Hagia Sophia Domed Byzantine Christian Church. Architecture shows Greco-Roman influence Who can tell me the name of this building?

Inside the Hagia Sophia Notice the mosaics and the stain glass windows. They were probably put in by the Muslims when they took over.

Icons Religious images Paintings and mosaics often used gold paint; the pictures seemed to glow. Byzantine art was often painted with gold; the pictures seem to glow

Pictures made up of thousands of tiny glass, ceramic, and stone tiles Mosaics Pictures made up of thousands of tiny glass, ceramic, and stone tiles Byzantines are also famous for these types of pictures(which can also be Icons) What are they called?

Byzantine Culture Greco-Roman traditions continued to flourish. Greek was the official language (as contrasted to Latin in the West). Greek Orthodox Christianity as the religion (as contrasted to Roman Catholic Church in the West) Greco-Roman knowledge was preserved in libraries.

Division in the Christian Church Western Church Centered in Rome Latin used in the Liturgy Pope eventually accepted as the leader Practices such as celibacy (priests could not marry) eventually accepted. Became known as the Roman Catholic Church

Eastern Church Centered in Constantinople Used Greek in the liturgy Headed by Patriarch Priests continued to be allowed to marry. Became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church During this period of time the Christian church split into two churches. What were they? And the one in East was called - How was this church different fro the church of Rome?

Illuminated Manuscripts Byzantine monks helped to preserve Greco-Roman culture by copying and illustrating ancient Greek and Roman works. How did the Byzantine Empire help to preserve Greco-Roman culture? Like their Western counterparts

Crusades In 1093, Byzantine emperor Alexis I sent a letter to the West asking for help against the Muslim Turks (Seljuks) who were threatening Constantinople and attacking Christian Pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem. Alexis I

Crusades Pope Urban (of Rome) called for a crusade or holy war to regain control of the Holy Land (holy sites in and around Jerusalem).

Crusaders Attack In 1204 Constantinople (a Christian city) was attacked, burned, and looted by Christian Crusaders from the West. Who’s attacking the walls of Constantionople? But they were Christian. How could this happen? Did the Crusades put an end to the Byzantine Empire? What did finally put an end to the Byzantine Empire? n the years at the beginning of the 13th century the Byzantine Empire, centered at Constantinople, was roiled by still another of its recurring dynastic struggles. Emperor Isaac II Angelus, a somewhat dotty ruler, had been deposed and imprisoned by his brother, who ruled as Alexius III. Dotty though he might be, Isaac II had nonetheless managed to arrange the marriage of his daughter to Philip, King of the German state of Swabia. Following the coup d'etat at Constantinople, Isaac II's son, also named Alexius, fled to the sanctuary of his German brother-in-law. There he and King Philip devised a fateful plan which they submitted formally to the wayward forces of the Fourth Crusade that were wintering at Zara. The proposal had two major elements. If the Crusaders would transport young Alexius to Constantinople, depose his usurping uncle, and install young Alexius as emperor, the new emperor would use his imperial powers to finance the Crusade in its conquest of Egypt. In addition, he would return the Eastern Orthodox Church at Constantinople to the authority of the Pope at Rome. The Crusaders--perhaps motivated as well by an unspoken third incentive, the possibility of plunder--agreed with only token defections. The mighty fleet arrived at Constantinople in June 1203, anchored at the Asian shore across the Bosporus from the Byzantine capital, and demanded that young Alexius be placed on the throne immediately. The Crusades weakened the Byzantine Empire, but did not put an end to it.

Ottoman Conquest Ottoman Turks (Muslims) conquered what remained of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.

Constantinople became capital of the Ottoman Empire (present-day Istanbul, Turkey) What is Constantinople today?

Russia and Eastern Europe Russia and Eastern Europe were influenced by the Byzantine Empire through trade and Christian missionaries. Due to a lack of geographic barriers, they were frequently invaded by nomadic groups

Influence of Byzantine Empire on Russia and Eastern Europe Orthodox Christianity Art (icons) and architecture (onion domes). Cyrillic Alphabet Trade routes between the Black and Baltic Seas 1. How did the Byzantine Empire influence Russia and Eastern Europe?

Saint Cyril Missionary who adapted Greek alphabet to Slavic languages of Eastern Europe and Russia (so that they could read the Bible). Who is this fellow?

Cyrillic Alphabet The Cyrillic alphabet gave the Slavs a written language and helped spread Christianity in Russia and Eastern Europe. What type of writing is this?

Russian Orthodox Church Byzantine influence is seen here in art, in architecture (onion domes), and religion. What kind of building is this? How can you see the Byzantine influence in this building?

Russian Icons St Nicholas “Santa Claus” This is a Russian Icon and you can see the style is like the Byzantine Icons. Now every one of you should know who this guy is.

Invaders of Russia and Eastern Europe Vikings Magyars Mongols Ottoman Turks

Vikings Seafaring invaders from Scandinavia who settled in Russia during Early Middle Ages. At first they made slaves of the local people (Slavs), but eventually adopted slavic culture. Now we’re going to play name that invader.

Russian-Byzantine Trade Routes The Vikings (Rus) set up trade routes along rivers between the Black and Baltic Seas. They sailed to Constantinople and traded timber, furs, and slaves for goods from different lands.

Mongols Fierce nomads from Central Asia Invaded Russia, China, and Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia Now who were these invaders?

Ivan the Great Freed Moscow from the Mongols United and expanded the Russian Nation

Ivan the Great Took the title of “Tsar” (from “Caesar”) Ruled with absolute power Who is this great leader?

Ivan the Great Appointed himself protector of the Orthodox Church

West East Language Latin Greek Center Rome Constantinople Practices Priests celibate (eventually accepted) Priests continued to marry Religious Leader Pope eventually accepted Patriarch (chosen by emperor) Name Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox

These four horses (bronze) were made for Alexander the Great These four horses (bronze) were made for Alexander the Great. The Roman Emperor August had them shipped from Alexandria to Rome. The Emperor Constantine had the horses transferred to Constantinople where they were shown in the Hippodrome. The Venitians (Fourth Crusade, 1204) took the horses as loot and displayed them before the Church of San Marco in Venice.