Biological Macromolecules

Organic Compounds: CompoundsCARBON organic Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. – Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms Macromoleculesorganic molecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules. The Molecules of Life

Monomers & Polymers Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a monomer. The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these subunits. Monomer: one basic unit or subunit Polymer: a chain of many basic units

Question: How are Macromolecules Digested (Broken-Down)?

Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water” Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O POLYMER MONOMER **POLYMER + WATER  MONOMER + MONOMER

Question: How are Macromolecules Formed?

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “condensation reaction” Also called “condensation reaction” polymersmonomers “removing water” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O MONOMER POLYMER **MONOMER + MONOMER  POLYMER + WATER

Carbohydrates 60% of your diet should consist of carbohydrates!

Carbohydrates: Definition & Structure carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates (or polysaccharides) Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen Molecular Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars bonded together

Carbohydrates: Function Short-term energy storage  Starch: in plants  Sugar (Glycogen): in animals What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta? – Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy – Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy Complex carb (ex. Starch) Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

Carbohydrates: Food Sources Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy. Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

Lipids: Definition Large nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water. They are hydrophobic. Made mostly of C, H, and O Common Categories: fats, oils, waxes, steroids 30% of your diet should consist of fats!

Lipids: Function Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm) Long-term energy storage

Monomer of Most Lipids: Glycerol + Fatty Acids – Glycerol: Hydrophilic polar head – Fatty Acid: Hydrophobic nonpolar carbon chain “tail” Lipids: Structure

1.Fats (Saturated) – Long-term energy storage – From animals – Solid at room temperature – Fatty acids tails contain only single bonds 2. Oils (Unsaturated fats) – Long-term energy storage – Easier to break down – Liquid at room temperature – Fatty acid tails contain at least one double bond Lipids: Examples

Checkpoint Saturated or Unsaturated Lipid? Unsaturated Saturated Unsaturated

3. Waxes – Serves as protective coat/layer – Wax on leaves; ear wax 4. Steroids – Cholesterol: component in animal cell membranes – Hormones: chemical messengers for cells Estrogen Corticosteroids (inhalers) Anabolic steroids (synthetic testosteron)

Nucleic Acids: Definition & Structure Very large and complex organic molecules that store genetic information in the cell. Contains C, H, O, N, and P Polymers: DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: Ribonucleic acid Monomers: Nucleotides 1.Five carbon sugar (pentose sugar) 2.Phosphate 3.Nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids: Function Stores and carries genetic information

Nucleic Acids: Food Sources We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).

Proteins 12-20% of your diet should consist of proteins!

Proteins: Definition & Structure Organic compounds composed of C, H, O, and N Proteins are made up of… – Monomer (basic unit): amino acids 20 different kinds!* – Polymer (chain of units): protein More specifically- polypeptides

Proteins: Structure Contin… Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function! The levels of protein structure are: – Primary structure: polypeptide chain – Secondary structure: polypeptides in coils or sheets – Tertiary structure: coils or sheets form a tangle – Quaternary structure: more than one tangle combine to make a very complex protein!

Proteins: Functions Build and repair muscle and tissues – “No pain, no gain!” Transport substances in and out of cells Regulate cell processes Help fight disease Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Proteins: Food Sources Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products. There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.