Molecular Genetics Jeopardy DNATranscriptionTranslationEpigeneticsPotpourri Final Jeopardy

This was Rosalind Franklin’s contribution to understanding DNA What is an X-Ray that helped show the shape

DNA molecules consist of a nitrogenous a phosphate group and this What is deoxyribose sugar?

These are 3 differences between DNA and RNA DNA – 1 fewer oxygen in sugar DNA – T, RNA –U DNA double stranded, RNA single When they are made Function (storing code vs. transmitting) DNA longer DNA never leaves nucleus, RNA does Daily Double!

These are 4 of the properties of the DNA structure as suggested by Watson and Crick (with help from Franklin) 1.H-bonds between bases hold strands together 2.A = T, G goes with C (3 H-bonds) 3.Backbone consists of alternating sugar/phosphate 4.DNA strands are antiparallel 5.DNA coils into double helix

Identify 4 enzymes that function in DNA replication and their function 1.Helicase – separates strands 2.Primase – adds primer 3.DNA polymerase – builds new strands 4.DNA ligase – seals fragments together 5.Nucleases – cut out mutations

This enzyme is responsible for binding to the DNA and transcribing it What is RNA polymerase

The TATAA region of the DNA where transcription begins is known as this What is the promoter?

These are 3 ways DNA and the process of transcription differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 1.Linear vs. Circular chromosomes 2.Many vs. Single chromosome 3.Location (nucleus v. cytosol) 4.Modifications/splicing of RNA

These are four different ways a mutation can occur from least harmful to most harmful 1.Silent mutation (no change in codons/amino acids) 2.Harmless substitution (change in one amino acid, not important) 3.Harmful substitution –(change in one amino acid changes shape) 4.Nonsense substitution – brings about stop codon 5.Addition – alters many amino acids 6.Deletion – alters many amino acids 7.Inversion – alters many amino acids

The start codon sets this, which ensures the proper reading of codons What the reading frame?

This is the site of translation in prokaryotes What are ribosomes? They do have ribosomes, just smaller ones. In fact some antibiotics attack their ribosomes

The purpose of tRNA is to accomplish this What is bringing amino acids to the ribosome/ assembling proteins

This is what ensures the right tRNA delivers the appropriate amino acid to each codon What is matching of the anticodon with the codon

These are 3 things that hold proteins in a functional 3-d shape What are hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions/congregation, rarely covalent bonds (di-sulfide bridges) Daily Double!

Testosterone is a lipid. This is how genes control the amount of testosterone produced in the body Genes code for enzymes which catalyze reactions to make or break down testosterone

Epigenetic markers control this What is gene expression

These are two ways methylation prevents a gene from being transcribed What is blocking the promoter, wrapping the DNA tightly

These are 3 things epigenetics can help explain 1.Cell differentiation 2.Heredity of gene expression 3.Nature vs. nurture (why twins are different) 4.Diseases like cancer 5.Parts of evolution 6.Aging?

This process increases access of the DNA to RNA polymerase What is acetylation?

DNA is wrapped around these proteins What are histones

Meiosis produces these cells in humans What are gametes, sperm/egg

Two molecules of DNA that are similar in length but contain slightly different versions of some genes are known as these What are homologous chromosomes

This is what semi-conservative replication means What is each new molecule has 1 parent strand and 1 new strand

These are 3 things we don’t know about DNA 1.It’s origin 2.What the non-coding 99% does 3.Exactly how epigenetic tags get passed on 4.Why there are different numbers of chromosomes 5.Why some organisms have more DNA than others 6.Why our DNA is linear while bacterial DNA is circular etc.

This is a difference between sister chromatids and a pair of homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids identical, made in DNA replication Homologous chromosomes similar – inherited from each parent

This explains the biological phenomenon of epistasis What is a protein produced by one gene affects the binding of RNA polymerase to a second gene

Identify as many specific molecules related to genetics as possible 1.DNA 2.mRNA 3.tRNA 4.rRNA 5.DNA polymerase 6.DNA ligase 7.Helicase 8.Nuclease 9.Primase 10.RNA polymerase 11.Methyl group 12.Acetyl group 13.Adenine 14.Guanine 15.Cytosine 16.Thymine 17.Uracil 18.Amino acids (can you name 20?)