1. Protein Synthesis & Mutations All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

2. Scientists

3. Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded the Nobel Prize?

4. Watson & Crick

5. Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?

6. Rosalind Franklin

7. Who actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria?

8. Avery Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA

9. Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNA? Bacteriophage (Virus) Bacteria Cell

10. Hershey & Chase Bacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication. Real Picture of a Bacteriophage

11. Who tried to find the genetic material but failed? Instead he found TRANSFORMATION. This scientist injected mice with killed disease causing bacteria and good, live bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.

12. Griffith F for failing to find genetic material! F for finding: Change from one thing to another with transfer of genetic material.

13. Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine % Cytosine = % Guanine What is this rule called?

14. CHARGAFF The RULE OF BASE PAIRING!

15. DNA Structure

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17. What does DNA stand for ? What is its shape? What is its function? What sugar is in DNA? Where is it found in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

18. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Double Helix Carries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain) Deoxyribose sugar Eukaryotes=nucleus Prokaryotes=cytoplasm

19. What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus?

20. Chromosomes

21. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

22. Phosphate Group 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose) Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)

23. Why is DNA Replication important?

24. Replication = make a copy Important to have 2 identical DNA strands for cell division

25. List the steps of DNA replication:

26. 1.Original double helix unzips/unwinds 2.DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA 3.2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G) 4.Two new double helix DNAs are formed each with one original strand and one new strand

27. An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases C G G T A T G A C What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication? What holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

28. C G G T A T G A C original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T G new strand Hydrogen Bonds

29. What is this protein called that DNA wraps around to coil up?

30. Histone

31. List Similarities and Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine Uracil Double HelixSingle Strand

32. List Similarities and Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double HelixSingle Strand

33. RNA

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35. Name the 3 different types of RNA and what do each do.

36. mRNA - brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe) tRNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (Sous chef) rRNA - (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)

37. What does RNA stand for ? How many different kinds are there? What is its function? What sugar is in RNA? Where is RNA found?

38. What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid How many different kinds are there? 3: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA What is RNA’s function? To make proteins What sugar is in RNA? Ribose sugar Where is RNA found? In the cytoplasm mmRNA mtRNA rRNA

39. What is the process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

40. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

41. List the steps to make mRNA What is this process called?

42. List the steps to make mRNA “TRANSCRIPTION” 1.In the nucleus, DNA unzips 2.RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region 3.RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA 4.mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

43. List the steps to make polypeptide chain (protein) from mRNA What is this process called?

44. List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) 1.In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA 2.rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” 3.Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon 4.Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain = PROTEIN tRNA Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain = PROTEIN mRNA rRNA ribosome

45. What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

46. Codon What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

47. What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

48. Anti-codon What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

49. How many amino acids are there? How many different codons code for those amino acids?

50. How many amino acids are there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64 Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 codon = 1 amino acid

51. Translate this mRNA A U G U G C G U C U A A

52. mRNA A U G U G C G U C U A A Amino Acids MetCysVal Stop This is TRANSLATION!!!

53. What is a gene mutation? Not a real picture

54. Change in nucleotide sequence

55. Of the following mutations, which one of these is not a gene mutation? Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion Gene mutation in mice.

56. Substitution = Point Mutation (gene) Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

57. What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted?

58. What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted? FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

59. Name all types of chromosomal mutations

61. What genes control the basic plan for where organs and tissues are to go in an embryo?

62. Hox Genes NOT a real picture!!!