Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Memory: Storage and LTM Psychology

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall EQ 2-1 How do humans encode, store, and retrieve information from memory?

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Short Term Memory

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Chunking Helps

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Long-Term Memory Everything that is learned is stored in long- term memory Capacity of long-term memory Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years No known limits to capacity

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Encoding in Long-Term Memory Most information is encoded in terms of meaning Some information is stored verbatim Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal images Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information Hence concept maps that create a visual

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Maintaining Long-Term Memory Rote rehearsal Repetition can result in long-term memory Only effective if there is intent to learn material Examples when there is no intent: What color is on top on a stop light? How many sides does a stop sign have? Which color is the top stripe on the US Flag? What direction is Lincoln facing on the five dollar bill?

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Maintaining Long-Term Memory Elaborative rehearsal Process of relating new information to information already stored in memory Meaning is assigned to new information and then linked to as much existing knowledge as possible

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Schemata A schema is a set of beliefs or expectations about something based on past experience Incoming information is fit with existing schemata (concept maps) Schemata can also influence the amount of attention paid to a given event

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Schema Test

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Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic memories Memories for personal events in a specific time and place Semantic memories Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time Procedural memories Motor skills and habits Emotional memories Learned emotional responses to various stimuli

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Explicit and Implicit Memory Explicit memory Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having This information can be intentionally recalled Implicit memory Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having Cannot be intentionally retrieved

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic memories Memories for personal events in a specific time and place Semantic memories Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time Procedural memories Motor skills and habits Emotional memories Learned emotional responses to various stimuli Explicit memoryImplicit memory

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Concept Map? Dual coding – images are encoded both visually and phonologically Chunking - Organizing information so that it fits into meaningful units. This gets it into STM. Listen to music but not the lyrics! Domain specific working memory systems! LTM storage is by meaning Overcomes serial positioning effect Forces elaborative rehearsal Creates Psychology schemata (categories => hierarchies)

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Word Bank (Recognition) Acoustic Encoding Attention Auditory Register Constructed Memory Elaborative Rehearsal Emotional Memory Information Processing Model Interference Long Term Memory Primacy Procedural Memory Recency Recognition Rote Rehearsal Schema Semantic Memory Sensory Registers Serial Positioning Effect Short Term Memory Storage Problem TOT Visual Register