1. Memory Chapter 6

2. Overview Define Memory Storage Model of Memory Sensory Memory Short Term Memory (STM) Increase Storage Time Long Term Memory (LTM) How Info. Gets Into LTM Sub-Categories of LTM Organize Info. in LTM Retrieval Failure

3. Memory Retain & use info. over time. 1. Encoding Transform info. Into a form that can be entered & retained in memory. 2. Storage Info. stored & used later. 3. Retrieval Recovering stored info.& be consciously aware of it. Define Memory

4. Storage Model of Memory 3 Box Model of Memory Sensory Memory Short Term Memory (STM) Long Term Memory (LTM) Select Encoding & Storage Retrieval

5. Example: Sensory memory is like a digital camera. One is continuously taking pictures of their environment. Each picture is replaced by a new picture until one “selects” something. “Pay Attention” - “Select” Registers Environmental Info. 3 Seconds or Less (info. fades/forgotten) Large Capacity

6. AKA: Working (Example: Word Doc.) Store New Info. From Sensory Memory Retrieve Old Info. From LTM Limited in Space (7 items) Holds Info. Up to 30 Seconds Test your short term memory: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-j4WWko-4Y

7. 1.“Maintenance Rehearsal” Rehearse / Repeat Over & Over ** Example: Phone # 2. “Chunking” Group Related Items Together ** Example: Hyphens or “USA”

8. 30 Seconds + In STM is Considered to be Stored in LTM Lasts a Lifetime Limitless Space It does not always feel this way but… at everything we remember

9. Elaborative Rehearsal (Encoding Strategy) Relate info. to other info. you already know. Examples: “Street Names”: In college, I traveled from the northeast valley to Tempe. I was lost often. Until, I memorized all the major street names in my path to school.I made-up a funny sentence with the first letter of each street name. “Lilo & Stitch”: “Lilo” was the name of a student I taught in the past. I could never remember her name. To help me remember; I related her name to the cartoon, “Lilo & Stitch”.

10. Sub-Categories LTM Explicit Memory (With Awareness) Ex: What happened last Halloween Episodic Memory (Specific Event) Ex: 1 st Kiss Semantic Memory (Gen. Knowledge) Ex: Facts, Names, Definitions, Ideas Implicit Memory (Without Awareness) Ex: Letters on Keyboard A. Type sentence (No Problem) B. Recite Letters form Left to Right (Very Difficult) Procedural Memory (Skills) Ex: Riding a Bike or Walking

11. Your Turn What kind of memory is your memory for the fact that the earth is round? 1. Procedural memory 2. Semantic memory 3. Episodic memory 4. Flashbulb memory

12. Your turn What kind of memory is your memory for the fact that the earth is round? 1. Procedural memory 2. Semantic memory 3. Episodic memory 4. Flashbulb memory

13. Clustering: Puts items into groups during recall. ** Logical Association Example: If I say the word “Guitar” what comes to mind? Write down 5 items before you go to the next slide. Lets see if we group items alike.

14. 5 Top Responses for Guitar: Strings Singer Music Noise Musical Instrument

15. Schemas – Organized clusters of info.& knowledge about particular topics

16. Best Study Habit Theory According to researches, the best study habit theory for students to retain information into memory before a test is; have short, daily study sessions and cram before the test.

17. Retrieval Failures TOT (Tip-of-the-tongue) Know it is there but… Can not access it Bring up bits of info. TOT is resolved (few minutes / 2 days) Decay Theory The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed Applies more to short-term than long-term memory

18. Retrieval Failures 2 Factors in Retrieval Errors 1. Info. one stored “before” the memory occurred Example: Schemas = organized clusters of info. & knowledge about particular topics Exercise: A.Visit a professors office. Look around a few minutes and leave. On paper recreate the office. B. One may list many items not there. 2. Info. one acquired “after” the memory occurred Example: One changes the story to match their own schemas. Exercise: Telephone Game (A group sits in a circle, one person makes up a story, secretly tells it to the person next to them and the secret continues around the circle. The last person tells the story out loud. By the time the story gets to the last person it is usually a different version.

19. Retrieval Failures Misinformation Effect Details in memory may change over time. One may + items or - items Example: Exposed to misleading questions Did you see “a” stop sign? Did you see “the” stop sign?