Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation Section 1: Washington Takes Office George Washington oversaw the creation of the federal government and appointed a Cabinet of advisors. Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, developed a three-part plan to tackle the nation’s significant debt, incurred during the American Revolution. Chapter Summary

Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation Section 2: The Birth of Political Parties Political differences between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton led to the creation of the nation’s first political parties: the Federalists and the Republicans. Federalists supported a strong federal government, while Republicans wanted most of the power to be given to the states. In 1786, Federalist John Adams succeeded Washington as America’s second President. Chapter Summary (continued)

Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation Section 3: Troubles at Home and Abroad Under Washington, the United States faced conflicts with Britain and Native Americans over the Northwest Territory. By the time he retired from public life in 1796, Washington had ensured that the Northwest Territory was safe for settlement. Chapter Summary (continued)

Chapter 8 Launching a New Nation Section 4: The Presidency of John Adams President Adams faced a conflict with France, which he resolved without a full-scale war. The war fever during this time increased divisions between Federalists and Republicans. Federalist leaders passed laws targeting their opponents. This led to resolutions granting states the right to declare laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional. Chapter Summary (continued)

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