Europeans Claim Muslim Lands Section 11-3 and 11-4
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands The Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Death of Suleyman I Modernization movements are unsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands
Downfall of the Ottoman Empire
Europeans Grab Land Geopolitics—taking land for its strategic location or products • Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman land • Crimean War—Russia attacks Ottomans in 1853 to gain warm-water port • Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; still lose land
Egypt and the British • Muhammad Ali breaks away from Ottoman control and begins series of reforms in military and economy • Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops • Egypt builds Suez Canal—human-made waterway connects Red Sea to Mediterranean • Modernization efforts create huge debt • British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1882
The Suez Canal
British Imperialism in India The Great Game – rivalry between Britain and Russia over territory. British Expand Control over India East India Company Controls India thru economic imperialism Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” India was seen as the most important colony in the British Empire Due to its production of raw materials Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”
The Sepoy Mutiny Indians Rebel Results Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat Considered unclean by Muslims Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellion Results Britain takes direct control of India Increased distrust between Indians and British
Nationalism in India Call for reforms Religious Issues Remain India adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western ways Religious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Called for independence from Britain Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India