 Flash Cards:  Imperialism  Congress of Berlin

 Flash Cards:  Social Darwinism  King Leopold II

 Flash Cards:  Otto von Bismarck  Queen Victoria

 Before Congress of Berlin, 1884:  Slave trade outlawed, 1808 (England)  Traders went INTO Africa  :  Congress of Berlin  No reps from Africa  After Berlin Congress  Africa colonized within 30 years  7 European countries competed  Millions dead

Africa 1884

African Trade

Africa in 1914

 Colonial gov’ts:  England  France  Germany  Portugal  Italy  Spain  BELGIUM

European imperialism into Africa  needed raw materials for industrialism  needed markets for industrial goods  had advanced technologies  weaponry  steam transportation  had improved tropical medicine = $$$$$

Movie – “European Imperialism in Africa ”

 Ethiopia – independent  long history of Christianity  longer history of trade  Axum (or “Aksum”), ~ 1 st C. BCE  Traded with Mediterranean & Indian Ocean slaves ivory gold  Peak – 100 ce – 900 ce

 Known for stellae

Liberia  tied to United States  Monrovia, capitol city  Charles Taylor  convicted, 2012  crimes against humanity

KINGDOM OF EGYPT  RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION  PHAROAHS  PYRAMIDS  EMBALMING  3,000 YR. HISTORY  3,000 BCE – 0 CE

Indian Ocean Basin Trade  along African east coast  Great Zimbabwe  Mogadishu  200 bce – present  slaves  minerals  timber  produce

trans-Saharan gold-salt trade  7 th C. ce – 1500s  dominated by Muslims  Ghana/Mali/Songhai  Timbuktu  Sundiata/Mansa Musa

European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa”

Industrial Revolution Source for Raw Materials Markets for Finished Goods European Nationalism Missionary Activity Military & Naval Bases European Motives For Colonization Places to Dump Unwanted Population Soc. & Eco. Opportunities Humanitarian Reasons European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

“Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.” -Rudyard Kipling

The “White Man’s Burden”?

Characteristics & Consequences  More advanced European weapons  Established borders  Enslaved the natives  exploited native rivalries  limited native access to goods  Stripped the natural resources  raw material needed for industry  Monopolized trade  markets needed for new goods

The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II: (r – 1909)

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Leopold’s Conscience??

 How did the colonization of the Belgian Congo compare with the colonization of British North America ?