4. Why here?

5. Kingdom of Axum [300-700]

6. Berbers GOLD SALT Gold-Salt Trade

7. Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast Ghana Empire [4c-11c]

8. Salt

9. Mali Empire [13c-15c] GOLD SALT Why here?

10. Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

11. Marketplace near the Niger River

12. Songhai Empire [15c-16c] GOLD SALT

13. Benin Empire [15c-19c]

14. Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)

15. Benin Bronze Leopard

19. Bantu Migrations: 1000 BCE To 500 CE

20. Islamic Invasions

23. African Trade [15c-17c]

24. Industrial Revolution Source for Raw Materials Markets for Finished Goods European Nationalism Missionary Activity Military & Naval Bases European Motives For Colonization Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. Soc. & Eco. Opportunities Humanitarian Reasons European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Social Darwinism

25. European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

26. The “White Man’s Burden”?

27. Dealing with animism http://www.gosocialstudiesgo.com/african-animism#!__african-animism belief that nature has soul: the belief that things in nature, e.g. trees, mountains, and the sky, have souls or consciousness

28. King Leopold II: The Belgian Congo (r. 1865 – 1909)

29. Harvesting Rubber

30. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

31. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

32. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

33. Africa 1890

34. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 How to control the colonies? Used rival tribe to help control regions Separate traditional tribes and cultures Lock economies into “one commodity” systems i.e.. cash crops and raw materials

35. Africa in 1914