2. The typical European immigrant was often a(n) a.middle-class professional b.urban factory owner c.Small farmer and rural craftsmen d.Landless peasants

3. African Trade [15c-17c]

4. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

5. Industrial Revolution Source for Raw Materials Markets for Finished Goods European Nationalism Missionary Activity Military & Naval Bases European Motives For Colonization Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. Soc. & Eco. Opportunities Humanitarian Reasons European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Social Darwinism

6. European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

7. Social Darwinism

8. The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

9. The “White Man’s Burden”?

11. 1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone? Dr. David Livingstone Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley

12. European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa”

13. 2. What is the Source of the Nile? John Speke Sir Richard Burton Fashoda Incident (1898) – France and Britain nearly went to war over Sudan

14. Africa in the 1880s

15. Results of Stanley Expedition Dr. David Livingston: first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa H.M. Stanley’s newspaper report created European interest in Africa Stanley sought aid of king of Belgium to dominate the Congo region

17. The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

18. Belgium’s African Colony: The Congo 1879 - Leopold II, permitted Stanley to establish trading posts in the Congo and negotiate treaties with chiefs giving Leopold control over region Colonial administration was marked by violent oppression of natives Belgian parliament took the colony away from Leopold in 1908 and made it a Belgian colony –Leopold’s actions raised questions about the morality of “new imperialism”

19. King Leopold II: (r. 1865 – 1909)

20. Harvesting Rubber

21. Punishing “Lazy” Workers

22. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

23. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

24. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 : established “rules” for conquest of Africa -Sponsored by Bismarck, sought to prevent conflict over imperialism - German rise to power sought to play British against French

25. Provisions of Berlin Conference No imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled the territory –Germany asserted itself as a major player –Belgium (Leopold II) allowed to control Congo Slavery and the slave trade in Africa was terminated As a result, the “scramble for Africa” was on!

26. Africa In 1914 In 1880, Europeans controlled just 10% of Africa; by 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia not controlled

28. Dutch Landing in 1652

29. Boers Clash With the Xhosa Tribes Boer Farmer

30. The Great Trek, 1836-38 Afrikaners

31. Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds

32. The Struggle for South Africa

33. South Africa and the Boer War Cecil Rhodes became Prime Minister of Cape Colony in South Africa –“Cape-to-Cairo” railroad dreamer Competition for natural resources led to conflict between Dutch inhabitants (Boers) and the British forces led by Rhodes –Boers initially repealed British aggression

34. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) “The Colossus of Rhodes”

35. Uncle Sam: “The Colossus of the Pacific” (A Parody)

36. Boer-British Tensions Increase  1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal.  1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President.  1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

37. Paul Kruger (1825-1904) Kruger Telegram (1902) – Kaiser Wilhelm II, dispatched a telegram to Boers congratulating them on defeating the British invaders without the assistance of Germany Anger at Germany swept through British Empire British forces took control of South Africa by 1910

38. The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The Boers The British

39. A Future British Prime Minister British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill