1. Skeletal & Muscular Systems
6th Grade with Mr. Springer
Skeletal & Muscular Systems

2. Overview of the Unit Skeletal System Bones
Connective tissues
Types of joints
Labeling bones
Muscles of the Muscular System
Types of muscles
How/why muscles move
Maintaining muscle
Labeling muscles
Caring for bones and muscles

3. How many bones does the human body have??
Part I: Skeletal System & Your Bones
How many bones does the human body have??
The human body has 206 bones!

4. Why Do We Need A Skeleton?
To provide support and protection for our organs, muscles and other body parts.
Also…
To help with three things:
Make Blood Cells
Store Calcium
Store Minerals

5. What Bones Are Made Of
Bones are a living part of your body (organs) made up of calcium and protein!
Bones have layers:
Outer layer to feed bones (periosteum has capillaries to nourish bones)
Spongy Middle Tissue (shock absorption & flexibility)
Marrow in the Middle (center of bones, creates blood cells) 5

6. Our Bones are all Connected…
But how…
Our bones meet and move together at a Joint!
At the joint, the bones are held together by Ligaments!
Ligaments are a connective tissue used to hold bones to other bones!

7. More about the joints!
Bones are hard… If they rub against each other, it will hurt you, and your bones!
…So how do they work at joints??
Joints have Cartilage to work as a middle man and smooth out the situation!
Cartilage is strong, flexible tissue that cushions bones and supports soft tissue. It allows bones to move easily.

8. More about the joints!
Hinge Joints- Moves in one direction like a door hinge. (The knee and elbow are hinge joints).
Pivot Joints- The end of one bone rotates inside a ring formed by another. The joint can move up and down and from side to side. (Forearm).
Gliding Joints- One part of a bone glides over another bone. Allowing a small range of sideways movement. (Foot and Hand bones).
Ball and Socket Joint- The ball-shaped head of one bone moves inside the cup shaped socket of another. The joint moves in all directions. (Hip and shoulder).

9. Types of joints our bodies have!
Hinge
Gliding
Pivot Joint
Ball & Socket
Click Pivot Joint for the link to the video on the pivot joint in the forearm moving.

10. Now Let’s Go Over the Bones!
Cranium – Skull
Clavicle – Collarbone
Scapula – Shoulder Blade
Sternum – Breastbone

11. More Bones to Cover… Humerus – Upper Arm Bone
Ulna – Lower arm bone pinkie side
Radius – Lower arm bone thumb side
Carpals - Wrist
Metacarpals – Hand
Phalanges- Fingers and Toes 11

12. More Bones Continued… Femur – Thigh Patella- Kneecap
Vertebra – Bones of the Spine
Ribs – Chest bones, create a cage
Pelvis – Hips; where legs connect at the top 12

13. Bones of the Spine 24 vertebrae make up your spine.
Spina Bifida, specifically anencephaly is when the undeveloped spine allows the spinal cord to protrude through the vertebra, allowing a fluid filled sac to protrude on surface of skin. 13

14. Are we really doing all 206?! Tarsals- Ankle Metatarsals- Foot
Tibia – Shin Bone
Fibula- Outside of the Ankle

15. Great site with pictures and more. http://www. teachervision. fen
For the bones…. Do only a few at a time (4) and with a rhythm… Like a song. And repeat, repeat, repeat. With each word repetition, the students should touch the corresponding part of their body.
Body Part Matching

16. How many Types of muscle does the human body have?
Part II: The Muscular System
How many Types of muscle does the human body have?
The human body has three types of muscles!

17. Why Do We Need Our Muscles?
To move our bodies and control our organs!
Don’t forget…
There are three kinds of muscle:
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

18. The Three Types Defined
Skeletal Muscle/ Striated is voluntary, meaning you control its movements!
(Turning your neck).
Smooth Muscle is involuntary, meaning you do not control its movements. (Body organs and vessels).
As a curve ball… Mention how the diaphragm is a type of skeletal muscle… not smooth!!! It is neither voluntary or involuntary, being that it is controlled by the nervous system and can be either, dependant upon whether we are consciously or subconsciously breathing!! Very Interesting!
Cardiac Muscle is involuntary, meaning you do not control its movements. (The heart).

19. One More Thing About Voluntary Muscles…
Voluntary muscles move in two ways.
Voluntary muscles either contract or relax.
You are born with all the muscle fibers you will ever have! Throughout your life they just change in shape and size.

20. How Muscle is Made! Muscles are made of muscle fibers.
Nerves in your body tell muscle fibers when to contract or relax.
As a curve ball… Mention how the diaphragm is a type of skeletal muscle… not smooth!!! It is neither voluntary or involuntary, being that it is controlled by the nervous system and can be either, dependant upon whether we are consciously or subconsciously breathing!! Very Interesting!
Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. Tendons are a connective tissue (like ligaments). They connect muscle to muscle or muscle to bone!

21. Muscles Move! Flexors – the pull muscles that lift things up!
Ex. Your biceps bend your elbow!
Extensors – the push muscles!
Ex. Your Triceps unbend your elbow!
As a curve ball… Mention how the diaphragm is a type of skeletal muscle… not smooth!!! It is neither voluntary or involuntary, being that it is controlled by the nervous system and can be either, dependant upon whether we are consciously or subconsciously breathing!! Very Interesting! 21

22. Muscles Moving Our Bodies
Transverse, saggital, frontal

23. Fibers and Tendons
Look at the Relaxed and Contracted Muscles, and the Tendons connecting them.
What type of joint is this?
Muscles are made of bundles of fibers that move back and forth across each other to relax and contract via the movement of sarcomeres.
Muscles are made of bundles of fibers!

24. Strength & Flexibility Principles
Muscular Strength – Muscle’s ability to use maximum force against resistance.
Ex: - pull-ups, push-ups
Muscular Endurance – Muscle’s ability to use maximum force repeatedly over time.
Ex: - pull-ups/push-ups (many repetitions)
Compared to cardiovascular endurance 24

25. Strength & Flexibility Principles
Cardiovascular Endurance – Respiratory system’s ability to perform at maximum over time.
Ex: - ½ mile and 1 mile run
Muscular Flexibility – The elastic (stretch) properties of muscles. (The range of motion at a joint without causing injury).
Ex: - sit-and-reach
Compared to cardiovascular endurance 25

26. What Maintains Muscles
Exercise – to keep your systems fit and working properly
Rest – proper amount of sleep at night to recover/repair your body and its energy
Diet – proteins, carbohydrates and other nutrients
Weight – healthy weight reduces stress on joints, muscles, and the heart
Nutrients: water, protein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals, vitamins 26

27. Sedentary lifestyles 27

28. Important Muscles to Remember (1)
Biceps- found in the upper arm
Triceps- found in the back of upper arm
Hamstrings- back of upper leg
Gastrocnemius/Calves- back of lower leg
Latissimus Dorsi- upper part of back, comes down in a v-taper
Deltoids – Shoulder muscle
Muscles are made of bundles of fibers that move back and forth across each other to relax and contract via the movement of sarcomeres.

30. Important Muscles to Remember (2)
7. Pectoralis Major/Minor- Chest muscles
8. Abdominal muscles- stomach muscles
9. Gluteus Maximus- Muscles in rear-end
10. Quadriceps- front of leg
11. Trapezius- back of neck muscle
(sternocleidomastoid video)
Muscles are made of bundles of fibers that move back and forth across each other to relax and contract via the movement of sarcomeres.

31. Gastrocnemius/ Calves
Deltoids
Trapezius
Triceps
Biceps
Latissimus Dorsi
Abdominal Muscles
Pectoralis Major
Gluteus Maximus
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Muscles are made of bundles of fibers that move back and forth across each other to relax and contract via the movement of sarcomeres.
Gastrocnemius/ Calves 31

32. Fun Facts
You have over 30 facial muscles which create looks like surprise, happiness, sadness, and frowning.
Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate they may move more than 100,000 times a day!
The largest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus muscle in the buttocks.
Transverse, saggital, frontal

33. End of Skeletal & Muscular System!
The End
At this point, the students can watch the Human body pushing the limits movie if not already seen. Prepare for a short quiz followed by a lab in the weightroom! 33

34. Labeling Our Muscles
Muscles are made of bundles of fibers that move back and forth across each other to relax and contract via the movement of sarcomeres. 34

35. Labeling Our Muscles
Muscles are made of bundles of fibers that move back and forth across each other to relax and contract via the movement of sarcomeres. 35

36. Labeling Our Muscles
website with drawings of muscle clipart…

37. Labeling Our Muscles
website with drawings of muscle clipart…

38. Labeling Our Muscles
website with drawings of muscle clipart…

39. http://etc. usf. edu/clipart/galleries/science/human_muscular_system
website with drawings of muscle clipart… 39