1. UNIT 2 Still in Africa By ep715. Creative Commons.

2. The Passive Voice The passive voice in English is composed of two elements: - the correct form of the verb 'to be' + the past participle of the verb in question. We can use the passive in any tense. To make different tenses we change the verb to be: Present simple: The information is sent to our main office Present continuous: The house is being painted Past simple: My bike was stolen Past continuous: I felt as if I was being followed Present Perfect: Three people have been robbed Past perfect: I knew why I had been chosen Future simple: You'll be told in advance Going-to future: Who's going to be invited? Modal verbs: The house should be cleaned / You might have been hurt PASSIVE: by + agent. In sentences like: The trouble was caused by your mother the part of the sentence introduced by by is called the agent. The agent is only expressed when it is important

3. Adjectives + preposition There are many adjectives in English that are followed by a particular preposition. Example: He is afraid of speaking English She was concerned about failing the exam The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective + preposition combinations: angry, anxious, concerned, excited, happy, sorry, worried about amazed, bad, clever, good, surprised at different, far, free, safe from famous, ready, responsible, sorry for interested, experienced in ashamed, afraid, capable, fond, full, proud, tired of accustomed, kind, married, opposed, polite, related, similar to

4. Impersonal construction Causative Have / Get Impersonal construction is used in English with reporting verbs to talk about what is generally thought or said. The construction is formed with a reporting verb followed by a clause. Some of these reporting verbs are: agree, announce, believe, claim, consider, expect, know, report, suppose, say, think, understand. More examples: It is said that he died of cancer It is believed that he has fled to Mexico It is expected that the government will remain in power →→ They can be rephrased using the passive reporting verb + to infinitive It is said that smoking causes cancer → Smoking is said to cause cancer Have something done and Get something done are both used to refer to actions which are done for the subject rather than by the subject. Causative verbs are used instead of passive verbs to show that the subject causes the action to be done. Somebody else does the job for us. She had the house painted → She employed someone to paint the house; she didn't do it herself I have my hair cut → I go to the hairdresser's; I don't do it myself I'm having the car fixed → The car is being fixed by the mechanic; I don't do it myself

5. Make and Do In general we can say that the verb make goes with some words and the verb do with other words. So what can you do to help you learn which of the two verbs is used with which other words? The best solution is to try to memorize the common fixed expressions that use the words. Apart from that, there are some rules of usage for make and do that can help you: Do is used to describe an action without saying exactly what the action is: What are you doing? Do is used to talk about work and jobs: I usually do the housework during the week. Have you done your homework? Make is used to speak about building, constructing, producing, creating etc.: We made a tree house for the children. Who made this chocolate cake?

6. A narrative composition is a piece of writing that tells an experience, usually in the past It can be based on one of your own experiences, or it can be based on the experiences of someone else. Plan your narrative composition  Paragraph 1 Begin your narrative with a paragraph that introduces the experience and its significance. Where – When – Who - Why  Paragraph 2 Write about the details of the experience, about what actually happened. What  Paragraph 3 End of the story. Is it still important/significant/interesting for you? Writing a narrative composition