2. Absolutism And Religious Wars

3. In the Beginning Explain how the conditions in these ‘nation’ states required some form of radical change in a monarchal style of rule?

5. Absolutism in England Elizabeth was a strong monarch However she had a great concern for tolerance of all She was not easily sallied by parliament American Rhetoric: Movie Speech from Elizabeth - Queen Elizabeth Addresses Rival Clergy from the Throne

6. Changing the ‘reigns’ James I son of Mary Queen of Scots took over after Elizabeth, politically savvy but not the best of managers Charles I- Unlike his father was not a skilled negotiator with parliament, chose confrontation over negotiation

7. Ruling Comparative

8. France Problems (from about 1600) –Religious –Economic –Weak kings (Louis XIII) Cardinal Richelieu –De facto ruler –Manipulated foreign affairs –Suppressed the Huguenots –Established central taxation –Three Musketeers

9. “What is done for the state is done for God, who is the basis and foundation of it......Where the interests of the state are concerned, God absolves actions which, if privately committed, would be a crime.” — Cardinal Richelieu

10. "If you give me six lines written by the most honest man, I will find something in them to hang him." —Cardinal Richelieu

11. France Louis XIV –Boy king –Assumed total authority when Cardinal Mazarin, successor to Richelieu, died –Influenced by his mistresses –Wars, destabilization

12. France Louis XIV –Golden Age The Sun King L'état c'est moi Versailles French culture = prestige –Mercantilism –Repeal of the Edict of Nantes

13. Periods from 1500 to the present: 1500-1660 – dominated by the issue of what to believe in religion [the 1st estate]; 1661-1789 – dominated by the issue of the mode of government [the 2nd estate]; 1790-present – dominated by the issue of social and economic equality [the 3rd estate]. – from Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p.xxi.

14. Germany Divided by the Reformation The Thirty Years War Population losses in Germany as a result of the Thirty Years War

15. Austria Ruled by Hapsburgs –Resignation of Charles V –Separation into Spanish and Austrian branches Hapsburgs married other royal families –Grew the Holy Roman Empire

16. Spain Decline –Spanish armada defeat –Economic difficulties Effects of Thirty Years War War of Spanish Succession –Alliance with France but both possessions Hudson Bay basin Portugal, Naples & Sicily, Netherlands

18. Russia Romanoff family united people Descendants of Roman Empire –Ivan I married daughter of last Byzantine emperor –Caesar = Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible) Peter the Great

19. Lands added by Peter the Great

20. Thank You

21. Witch Hunts Viewed as evils of Catholicism Killed throughout central Europe Spilled into American colonies