1. The reign of Aurangzeb and the Marathas

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Ascended throne in 1658.
Mughal empire- single largest
state India
2 parts of his reign
Early ( ) Later ( )
Ahom ruler-Assam Marathas ( after Shivaji)
Arakanese, Portuguese
pirates( Chittagong port)
Afghan tribes
Jats(Agra-Delhi)
Satnamis
6. Bundelas defeated Mughals
(Malwa)
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3. Early reign (1658-82) The Sikh Rebellion-
Guru Tej Bahadur (9th Sikh Guru ) beheaded
Guru Govind Singh-Khalsa
Sikhs Mughals
Guru Govind Singh
Banda Bahadur
Aurangzeb (rebellion
continued after his death)

4. The Rajput War
(Marwar)Ajit Singh-Jaswant Singh’s posthamous son not acknowledged by Aurangzeb
-Start of rebellion
-He conquered Jodhpur, imposed Jaziya
-Ruler of Mewar, Raj Singh, supported Ajit Singh
-Mewar was attacked
-Prince Akbar joined the Rajputs. Later fled to the Deccan.
Peace treaty signed with Mewar.
Ajit Singh recognized as independent ruler by Aurangzeb’s son.

5. Shivaji- born in1627 The Marathas(Deccan) Early Conquest-
Sultan of Bijapur fell ill and
using guerilla warfare tactics,
Shivaji conquered a number of hill forts, brought
chieftans under his control.
Defeat of Afzal Khan
Afzal Khan sent by Sultan of Bijapur.
Attempted to strangle Shivaji to death.
Was killed. Sultan recognized Shivaji as the ruler.

6. Defeat of Shaista Khan (1663)
Sent by Aurangzeb
Shivaji entered Pune with 400 soldiers.
Killed Shaista Khan’s son-defeated his army
Shaista Khan escaped.
Attacked Surat –looted it for 4 days
Blow to Mughal Empire.

7. Treaty of Purandhar (1665)
Raja Jai Singh sent by Aurangzeb to subdue Shivaji.
Marathas besieged in urandhar fort
Forced to sign Treaty of Purandhar –had to surrender 23 forts to Mughals.

8. Shivaji at Agra Made to stand with lower ranks of mansabdars.
Aurangzeb puts him under house arrest- Shivaji escapes to the Deccan.
Aurangzeb did not try to capture him which was a wrong decision.

9. Shivaji’s coronation (1674)
crowned at Raigarh.
Assumed title of ‘Chhatrapati’
Doesn’t take approval of Mughal emperor.
Southern conquests
Captured forts of Vellore, Jinji from Bijapur and annexed a part of Mysore.

10. The Maratha Kingdom Kingdom stretched from Kalyan
to Goa, parts of Karnataka and
Mysore and lasted for 100 years after his death.

11. Administration Revenue system- Swarajya Mughalai (divided into
14 districts)
Chauth-1/4 of tax paid
to Mughals
Sardeshmukhi-1/10
to Shivaji
If they refused, territories
were plundered.
Farmers had to pay
40 % as tax directly.

12. Peshwa (Head of Ashtapradhan) Ashtapradhan (8 ministers)
Political system
Shivaji
Peshwa (Head of Ashtapradhan)
Ashtapradhan (8 ministers)
Departments

13. Military system
Army consisted of the cavalry, artillery, infantry and navy.
Guerrilla warfare
Discipline was ensured-safety of women, children and elderly, poor people.
Respect to mosques and Koran

14. Estimate of Shivaji
In his 35 year reign, rose from being the son of a jagirdar to the position of Chhatrapati.
Religious tolerance
Capable administrator
Aurangzeb’s later reign ( )
After Shivaji’s death in 1680, Aurangzeb tried to conquer Bijapur and Golconda.
Went to Deccan in 1681, never returned to the south.

15. Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns.
Bijapur(1686)and Golconda(1687)
Direct contact with the marathas

16. The Maratha war 1689-sambhaji executed
Shahu and rest of family –imprisoned, Raja Ram, his younger brother escapes
1690- Mughal empire at it peak
Tarabai continues the maratha struggle.
Aurangzeb refuses to negotiate with marathas.
Dies in 1707
Estimate of Aurangzeb.
Devout Muslim
Sharp intellect
Did not practice religious tolerance
Suspicious by nature